Release 2.5.1

Bumps [urllib3](https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3) from 2.5.0 to 2.6.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/blob/main/CHANGES.rst)
- [Commits](https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/compare/2.5.0...2.6.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: urllib3
  dependency-version: 2.6.0
  dependency-type: indirect
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

.github/workflows/tests.yml

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
-        python: ['3.8', '3.9', '3.10', '3.11', '3.12']
+        python: ['3.8', '3.9', '3.10', '3.11', '3.12', '3.13', '3.14']
       fail-fast: false
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:

CHANGES.md

@@ -1,5 +1,84 @@
 # Microdot change log
 
+**Release 2.5.1** - 2025-12-21
+
+- CSRF: accept cross-site request if origin is in the CORS allowed origin list ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/ba6893ca0fb3c3dd18cf934f8eee893cc2a10daa))
+
+**Release 2.5.0** - 2025-12-21
+
+- CSRF protection [#335](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/issues/335) ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/0bae4c9477e9fdb231d1979cc6ed26c31e12b1aa))
+- Added support for ASGI lifespan events [#322](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/issues/322) ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/f128b3ded45ccd418a00d199769240342a613b5e))
+- Added `scheme` and `route` attributes to the request object ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/1c7020ca1a3e5a6a1549dc52de38a0b7fd0a439a))
+- Added `Login.get_current_user()` helper method ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/053b8a81380fcdf285592a32e6b590ee50b7d048))
+
+**Release 2.4.0** - 2025-11-08
+
+- SSE: Add support for the retry command and keepalive comments ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/d0808efa6b32e00992596f1bb3d4c3a372df2168))
+- Ignore `expires` and `max_age` arguments if passed to `Response.delete_cookie` [#323](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/issues/323) ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/d61785b2e8d18438e5031de9c49e61642e5cfb3f))
+- Ignore "muted" errors during request creation ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/ce9de6e37a6323664eb7666b817932f371f1e099))
+- Add package version to `microdot/__init__.py` file [#312](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/issues/312) ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/38f5a27b33c7968fc7414b67742e034e2b9a09ca))
+
+**Release 2.3.5** - 2025-10-18
+
+- Always encode ASGI response bodies to bytes ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/f70c524fb0bdc8c5fef2223c82f5e339445bc5fa))
+- Remove unused instance variable in `Microdot` class ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/27fc03f10047e4483f8d19559025d728b14a27c8))
+
+**Release 2.3.4** - 2025-10-16
+
+- Prevent reading past EOF in multipart parser [#309](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/issues/309) ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/6045390cef8735cbbc9f5f7eee7a3912f00e284d))
+- Generate a valid CORS response when the request is badly formatted [#305](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/issues/305) ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/cca0b0f693c909134bc19eb41dfb5a86226e032b))
+- Faster HTTP streaming when using ASGI [#318](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/issues/318) ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/7addcf4bb51f1caf57663c5bb4d8cc16ee6391e1))
+- Parse empty cookies [#308](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/issues/308) ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/c12d4658091ff7eec1ac67c83bcd51eb38af9db7))
+- Add weather dashboard example [#303](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/issues/303) ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/7071358b1f95892b1342226b43411e036be67d3a))
+- Add Python 3.13 and 3.14 to the CI builds ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/e9c9937b41e652876241307307f3e855f4f07379))
+
+**Release 2.3.3** - 2025-07-01
+
+- Handle partial reads in WebSocket class [#294](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/issues/294) ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/9bc3dced6c1f582dde0496961d25170b448ad8d7))
+- Add SVG to supported mimetypes [#302](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/issues/302) ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/1d419ce59bf7006617109c05dc2d6fc6d1dc8235)) (thanks **Ozuba**!)
+- Do not silence exceptions that occur in the SSE task ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/654a85f46b7dd7a1e94f81193c4a78a8a1e99936))
+- Add Support for SSE responses in the test client ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/f5d3d931edfbacedebf5fdf938ef77c5ee910380))
+- Documentation improvements for the `Request` class ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/3dffa05ffb229813156b71e10a85283bdaa26d5e))
+- Additional documentation for the `URLPattern` class ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/786e5e533748e1343612c97123773aec9a1a99fc))
+- More detailed documentation for route responses ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/dc61470fa959549bb43313906ba6ed9f686babc2))
+- Additional documentation on WebSocket and SSE disconnections ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/7c98c4589de4774a88381b393444c75094532550))
+- More detailed documentation for `current_user` ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/e146e2d08deddf9b924c7657f04db28d71f34221))
+- Add a sub-application example ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/d7a9c535639268e415714b12ac898ae38e516308))
+
+**Release 2.3.2** - 2025-05-08
+
+- Use async error handlers in auth module [#298](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/issues/298) ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/d9d7ff0825e4c5fbed6564d3684374bf3937df11))
+
+**Release 2.3.1** - 2025-04-13
+
+- Additional support needed when using `orjson` ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/cd0b3234ddb0c8ff4861d369836ec2aed77494db))
+
+**Release 2.3.0** - 2025-04-12
+
+- Support optional authentication methods ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/f317b15bdbf924007e5e3414e0c626baccc3ede6))
+- Catch SSL exceptions while writing the response [#206](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/issues/206) ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/e7ee74d6bba74cfd89b9ddc38f28e02514eb1791))
+- Use `orjson` instead of `json` if available ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/086f2af3deab86d4340f3f1feb9e019de59f351d))
+- Addressed typing warnings from pyright ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/b6f232db1125045d79c444c736a2ae59c5501fdd))
+
+**Release 2.2.0** - 2025-03-22
+
+- Support for `multipart/form-data` requests [#287](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/issues/287) ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/11a91a60350518e426b557fae8dffe75912f8823))
+- Support custom path components in URLs ([commit #1](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/c92b5ae28222af5a1094f5d2f70a45d4d17653d5) [commit #2](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/aa76e6378b37faab52008a8aab8db75f81b29323))
+- Expose the Jinja environment as `Template.jinja_env` ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/953dd9432122defe943f0637bbe7e01f2fc7743f))
+- Simplified urldecode logic ([commit #1](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/3bc31f10b2b2d4460c62366013278d87665f0f97) [commit #2](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/d203df75fef32c7cc0fe7cc6525e77522b37a289))
+- Additional urldecode tests ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/99f65c0198590c0dfb402c24685b6f8dfba1935d))
+- Documentation improvements ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/c6b99b6d8117d4e40e16d5b953dbf4deb023d24d))
+- Update micropython version used in tests to 1.24.1 ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/4cc2e95338a7de3b03742389004147ee21285621))
+
+**Release 2.1.0** - 2025-02-04
+
+- User login support ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/d807011ad006e53e70c4594d7eac04d03bb08681))
+- Basic and token authentication support ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/675c9787974da926af446974cd96ef224e0ee27f))
+- Added `local` argument to the `app.mount()` method, to define sub-application specific before and after request handlers ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/fd7931e1aec173c60f81dad18c1a102ed8f0e081))
+- Added `Request.url_prefix`, `Request.subapp` and local mounts ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/fd7931e1aec173c60f81dad18c1a102ed8f0e081))
+- Added a front end to the SSE example [#281](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/issues/281) ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/d487a73c1ea5b3467e23907618b348ca52e0235c)) (thanks **Maxi**!)
+- Additional ``app.mount()`` unit tests ([commit](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/cd87abba30206ec6d3928e0aabacb2fccf7baf70))
+
 **Release 2.0.7** - 2024-11-10
 
 - Accept responses with just a status code [#263](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/issues/263) ([commit #1](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/4eac013087f807cafa244b8a6b7b0ed4c82ff150) [commit #2](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/commit/c46e4291061046f1be13f300dd08645b71c16635))

README.md

@@ -19,38 +19,25 @@ async def index(request):
 app.run()
 ```
 
-## Migrating to Microdot 2
-
-Version 2 of Microdot incorporates feedback received from users of earlier
-releases, and attempts to improve and correct some design decisions that have
-proven to be problematic.
-
-For this reason most applications built for earlier versions will need to be
-updated to work correctly with Microdot 2. The
-[Migration Guide](https://microdot.readthedocs.io/en/stable/migrating.html)
-describes the backwards incompatible changes that were made.
-
 ## Resources
 
 - [Change Log](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/CHANGES.md)
 - Documentation
     - [Latest](https://microdot.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
     - [Stable (v2)](https://microdot.readthedocs.io/en/stable/)
-    - [Legacy (v1)](https://microdot.readthedocs.io/en/v1/) ([Code](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/v1))
+- Legacy (v1)
+    - [Code](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/v1)
+    - [Documentation](https://microdot.readthedocs.io/en/v1/)
 
 ## Roadmap
 
 The following features are planned for future releases of Microdot, both for
 MicroPython and CPython:
 
-- Support for forms encoded in `multipart/form-data` format
-- Authentication support, similar to [Flask-Login](https://github.com/maxcountryman/flask-login) for Flask
+- Authentication support, similar to [Flask-Login](https://github.com/maxcountryman/flask-login) for Flask (**Added in version 2.1**)
+- Support for forms encoded in `multipart/form-data` format (**Added in version 2.2**)
+- CSRF protection extension (**Added in version 2.5**)
+- Pub/sub mini-framework for WebSocket and SSE
 - OpenAPI integration, similar to [APIFairy](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/apifairy) for Flask
 
-In addition to the above, the following extensions are also under consideration,
-but only for CPython:
-
-- Database integration through [SQLAlchemy](https://github.com/sqlalchemy/sqlalchemy)
-- Socket.IO support through [python-socketio](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/python-socketio)
-
-Do you have other ideas to propose? Let's [discuss them](https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/discussions/new?category=ideas)!
+Do you have other ideas to propose? Let's [discuss them](https://github.com/:miguelgrinberg/microdot/discussions/new?category=ideas)!

docs/api.rst

@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-API Reference
-=============
-
-Core API
---------
-
-.. autoclass:: microdot.Microdot
-   :members:
-
-.. autoclass:: microdot.Request
-   :members:
-
-.. autoclass:: microdot.Response
-   :members:
-
-
-WebSocket
----------
-
-.. automodule:: microdot.websocket
-   :members:
-
-Server-Sent Events (SSE)
-------------------------
-
-.. automodule:: microdot.sse
-   :members:
-
-Templates (uTemplate)
----------------------
-
-.. automodule:: microdot.utemplate
-   :members:
-
-Templates (Jinja)
------------------
-
-.. automodule:: microdot.jinja
-   :members:
-
-User Sessions
--------------
-
-.. automodule:: microdot.session
-   :members:
-
-Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS)
-------------------------------------
-
-.. automodule:: microdot.cors
-   :members:
-
-Test Client
------------
-
-.. automodule:: microdot.test_client
-   :members:
-
-ASGI
-----
-
-.. autoclass:: microdot.asgi.Microdot
-   :members:
-   :exclude-members: shutdown, run
-
-WSGI
-----
-
-.. autoclass:: microdot.wsgi.Microdot
-   :members:
-   :exclude-members: shutdown, run

docs/api/asgi.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+ASGI
+----
+
+.. autoclass:: microdot.asgi.Microdot
+   :members:
+   :exclude-members: shutdown, run

docs/api/auth.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Authentication
+--------------
+
+.. automodule:: microdot.auth
+   :inherited-members:
+   :special-members: __call__
+   :members:

docs/api/cors.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS)
+------------------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: microdot.cors
+   :members:

docs/api/csrf.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) Protection
+--------------------------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: microdot.csrf
+   :members:

docs/api/index.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+API Reference
+=============
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   microdot
+   multipart
+   websocket
+   sse
+   utemplate
+   jinja
+   sessions
+   auth
+   login
+   cors
+   csrf
+   test_client
+   asgi
+   wsgi
+

docs/api/jinja.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Templates (Jinja)
+-----------------
+
+.. automodule:: microdot.jinja
+   :members:

docs/api/login.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+User Logins
+-----------
+
+.. automodule:: microdot.login
+   :inherited-members:
+   :special-members: __call__
+   :members:

docs/api/microdot.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+Core API
+--------
+
+.. autoclass:: microdot.Microdot
+   :members:
+
+.. autoclass:: microdot.Request
+   :members:
+
+.. autoclass:: microdot.Response
+   :members:
+
+.. autoclass:: microdot.URLPattern
+   :members:

docs/api/multipart.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Multipart Forms
+---------------
+
+.. automodule:: microdot.multipart
+   :members:

docs/api/sessions.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+User Sessions
+-------------
+
+.. automodule:: microdot.session
+   :members:

docs/api/sse.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Server-Sent Events (SSE)
+------------------------
+
+.. automodule:: microdot.sse
+   :members:

docs/api/test_client.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Test Client
+-----------
+
+.. automodule:: microdot.test_client
+   :members:

docs/api/utemplate.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Templates (uTemplate)
+---------------------
+
+.. automodule:: microdot.utemplate
+   :members:

docs/api/websocket.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+WebSocket
+---------
+
+.. automodule:: microdot.websocket
+   :members:

docs/api/wsgi.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+WSGI
+----
+
+.. autoclass:: microdot.wsgi.Microdot
+   :members:
+   :exclude-members: shutdown, run

docs/conf.py

@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@ exclude_patterns = ['_build', 'Thumbs.db', '.DS_Store']
 # The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
 # a list of builtin themes.
 #
-html_theme = 'alabaster'
+html_theme = 'furo'
+html_title = 'Microdot'
 
 # Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
 # relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
@@ -58,12 +59,6 @@ html_css_files = [
 ]
 
 html_theme_options = {
-    'github_user': 'miguelgrinberg',
-    'github_repo': 'microdot',
-    'github_banner': True,
-    'github_button': True,
-    'github_type': 'star',
-    'fixed_sidebar': True,
 }
 
 autodoc_default_options = {

docs/contributing.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Contributing
+------------
+
+Thank you for your interest in Microdot!
+
+Please visit the `GitHub repository <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot>`_
+to learn about the project and find open issues and pull requests.

docs/extensions.rst

@@ -1,452 +0,0 @@
-Core Extensions
----------------
-
-Microdot is a highly extensible web application framework. The extensions
-described in this section are maintained as part of the Microdot project in
-the same source code repository.
-
-WebSocket Support
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-.. list-table::
-   :align: left
-
-   * - Compatibility
-     - | CPython & MicroPython
-
-   * - Required Microdot source files
-     -  | `websocket.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/websocket.py>`_
-
-   * - Required external dependencies
-     - | None
-
-   * - Examples
-     - | `echo.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/websocket/echo.py>`_
-
-The WebSocket extension gives the application the ability to handle WebSocket
-requests. The :func:`with_websocket <microdot.websocket.with_websocket>`
-decorator is used to mark a route handler as a WebSocket handler. Decorated
-routes receive a WebSocket object as a second argument. The WebSocket object
-provides ``send()`` and ``receive()`` asynchronous methods to send and receive
-messages respectively.
-
-Example::
-
-        @app.route('/echo')
-        @with_websocket
-        async def echo(request, ws):
-            while True:
-                message = await ws.receive()
-                await ws.send(message)
-
-Server-Sent Events Support
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-.. list-table::
-   :align: left
-
-   * - Compatibility
-     - | CPython & MicroPython
-
-   * - Required Microdot source files
-     -  | `sse.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/sse.py>`_
-
-   * - Required external dependencies
-     - | None
-
-   * - Examples
-     - | `counter.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/sse/counter.py>`_
-
-The Server-Sent Events (SSE) extension simplifies the creation of a streaming
-endpoint that follows the SSE web standard. The :func:`with_sse <microdot.sse.with_sse>`
-decorator is used to mark a route as an SSE handler. Decorated routes receive
-an SSE object as second argument. The SSE object provides a ``send()``
-asynchronous method to send an event to the client.
-
-Example::
-
-    @app.route('/events')
-    @with_sse
-    async def events(request, sse):
-        for i in range(10):
-            await asyncio.sleep(1)
-            await sse.send({'counter': i})  # unnamed event
-        await sse.send('end', event='comment')  # named event
-
-.. note::
-   The SSE protocol is unidirectional, so there is no ``receive()`` method in
-   the SSE object. For bidirectional communication with the client, use the
-   WebSocket extension.
-
-Rendering Templates
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Many web applications use HTML templates for rendering content to clients.
-Microdot includes extensions to render templates with the
-`utemplate <https://github.com/pfalcon/utemplate>`_ package on CPython and
-MicroPython, and with `Jinja <https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/>`_ only on
-CPython.
-
-Using the uTemplate Engine
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-.. list-table::
-   :align: left
-
-   * - Compatibility
-     - | CPython & MicroPython
-
-   * - Required Microdot source files
-     - | `utemplate.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/utemplate.py>`_
-
-   * - Required external dependencies
-     - | `utemplate <https://github.com/pfalcon/utemplate/tree/master/utemplate>`_
-
-   * - Examples
-     - | `hello.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/templates/utemplate/hello.py>`_
-
-The :class:`Template <microdot.utemplate.Template>` class is used to load a
-template. The argument is the template filename, relative to the templates
-directory, which is *templates* by default.
-
-The ``Template`` object has a :func:`render() <microdot.utemplate.Template.render>`
-method that renders the template to a string. This method receives any
-arguments that are used by the template.
-
-Example::
-
-    from microdot.utemplate import Template
-
-    @app.get('/')
-    async def index(req):
-        return Template('index.html').render()
-
-The ``Template`` object also has a :func:`generate() <microdot.utemplate.Template.generate>`
-method, which returns a generator instead of a string. The
-:func:`render_async() <microdot.utemplate.Template.render_async>` and
-:func:`generate_async() <microdot.utemplate.Template.generate_async>` methods
-are the asynchronous versions of these two methods.
-
-The default location from where templates are loaded is the *templates*
-subdirectory. This location can be changed with the
-:func:`Template.initialize <microdot.utemplate.Template.initialize>` class
-method::
-
-    Template.initialize('my_templates')
-
-By default templates are automatically compiled the first time they are
-rendered, or when their last modified timestamp is more recent than the
-compiledo file's timestamp. This loading behavior can be changed by switching
-to a different template loader. For example, if the templates are pre-compiled,
-the timestamp check and compile steps can be removed by switching to the
-"compiled" template loader::
-
-    from utemplate import compiled
-    from microdot.utemplate import Template
-
-    Template.initialize(loader_class=compiled.Loader)
-
-Consult the `uTemplate documentation <https://github.com/pfalcon/utemplate>`_
-for additional information regarding template loaders.
-
-Using the Jinja Engine
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-.. list-table::
-   :align: left
-
-   * - Compatibility
-     - | CPython only
-
-   * - Required Microdot source files
-     - | `jinja.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/jinja.py>`_
-
-   * - Required external dependencies
-     - | `Jinja2 <https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/>`_
-
-   * - Examples
-     - | `hello.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/templates/jinja/hello.py>`_
-
-The :class:`Template <microdot.jinja.Template>` class is used to load a
-template. The argument is the template filename, relative to the templates
-directory, which is *templates* by default.
-
-The ``Template`` object has a :func:`render() <microdot.jinja.Template.render>`
-method that renders the template to a string. This method receives any
-arguments that are used by the template.
-
-Example::
-
-    from microdot.jinja import Template
-
-    @app.get('/')
-    async def index(req):
-        return Template('index.html').render()
-
-The ``Template`` object also has a :func:`generate() <microdot.jinja.Template.generate>`
-method, which returns a generator instead of a string.
-
-The default location from where templates are loaded is the *templates*
-subdirectory. This location can be changed with the
-:func:`Template.initialize <microdot.jinja.Template.initialize>` class method::
-
-    Template.initialize('my_templates')
-
-The ``initialize()`` method also accepts ``enable_async`` argument, which
-can be set to ``True`` if asynchronous rendering of templates is desired. If
-this option is enabled, then the
-:func:`render_async() <microdot.jinja.Template.render_async>` and
-:func:`generate_async() <microdot.jinja.Template.generate_async>` methods
-must be used.
-
-.. note::
-    The Jinja extension is not compatible with MicroPython.
-
-Maintaining Secure User Sessions
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-.. list-table::
-   :align: left
-
-   * - Compatibility
-     - | CPython & MicroPython
-
-   * - Required Microdot source files
-     - | `session.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/session.py>`_
-
-   * - Required external dependencies
-     - | CPython: `PyJWT <https://pyjwt.readthedocs.io/>`_
-       | MicroPython: `jwt.py <https://github.com/micropython/micropython-lib/blob/master/python-ecosys/pyjwt/jwt.py>`_,
-                      `hmac.py <https://github.com/micropython/micropython-lib/blob/master/python-stdlib/hmac/hmac.py>`_
-
-   * - Examples
-     - | `login.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/sessions/login.py>`_
-
-The session extension provides a secure way for the application to maintain
-user sessions. The session data is stored as a signed cookie in the client's
-browser, in `JSON Web Token (JWT) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON_Web_Token>`_
-format.
-
-To work with user sessions, the application first must configure a secret key
-that will be used to sign the session cookies. It is very important that this
-key is kept secret, as its name implies. An attacker who is in possession of
-this key can generate valid user session cookies with any contents.
-
-To initialize the session extension and configure the secret key, create a
-:class:`Session <microdot.session.Session>` object::
-
-    Session(app, secret_key='top-secret')
-
-The :func:`with_session <microdot.session.with_session>` decorator is the
-most convenient way to retrieve the session at the start of a request::
-
-    from microdot import Microdot, redirect
-    from microdot.session import Session, with_session
-
-    app = Microdot()
-    Session(app, secret_key='top-secret')
-
-    @app.route('/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
-    @with_session
-    async def index(req, session):
-        username = session.get('username')
-        if req.method == 'POST':
-            username = req.form.get('username')
-            session['username'] = username
-            session.save()
-            return redirect('/')
-        if username is None:
-            return 'Not logged in'
-        else:
-            return 'Logged in as ' + username
-
-    @app.post('/logout')
-    @with_session
-    async def logout(req, session):
-        session.delete()
-        return redirect('/')
-
-The :func:`save() <microdot.session.SessionDict.save>` and
-:func:`delete() <microdot.session.SessionDict.delete>` methods are used to update
-and destroy the user session respectively.
-
-Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS)
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-.. list-table::
-   :align: left
-
-   * - Compatibility
-     - | CPython & MicroPython
-
-   * - Required Microdot source files
-     - | `cors.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/cors.py>`_
-
-   * - Required external dependencies
-     - | None
-
-   * - Examples
-     - | `app.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/cors/app.py>`_
-
-The CORS extension provides support for `Cross-Origin Resource Sharing
-(CORS) <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS>`_. CORS is a
-mechanism that allows web applications running on different origins to access
-resources from each other. For example, a web application running on
-``https://example.com`` can access resources from ``https://api.example.com``.
-
-To enable CORS support, create an instance of the
-:class:`CORS <microdot.cors.CORS>` class and configure the desired options.
-Example::
-
-    from microdot import Microdot
-    from microdot.cors import CORS
-
-    app = Microdot()
-    cors = CORS(app, allowed_origins=['https://example.com'],
-                allow_credentials=True)
-
-Testing with the Test Client
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-.. list-table::
-   :align: left
-
-   * - Compatibility
-     - | CPython & MicroPython
-
-   * - Required Microdot source files
-     - | `test_client.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/test_client.py>`_
-
-   * - Required external dependencies
-     - | None
-
-The Microdot Test Client is a utility class that can be used in tests to send
-requests into the application without having to start a web server.
-
-Example::
-
-    from microdot import Microdot
-    from microdot.test_client import TestClient
-
-    app = Microdot()
-
-    @app.route('/')
-    def index(req):
-        return 'Hello, World!'
-
-    async def test_app():
-        client = TestClient(app)
-        response = await client.get('/')
-        assert response.text == 'Hello, World!'
-
-See the documentation for the :class:`TestClient <microdot.test_client.TestClient>`
-class for more details.
-
-Deploying on a Production Web Server
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-The ``Microdot`` class creates its own simple web server. This is enough for an
-application deployed with MicroPython, but when using CPython it may be useful
-to use a separate, battle-tested web server. To address this need, Microdot
-provides extensions that implement the ASGI and WSGI protocols.
-
-Using an ASGI Web Server
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-.. list-table::
-   :align: left
-
-   * - Compatibility
-     - | CPython only
-
-   * - Required Microdot source files
-     - | `asgi.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/asgi.py>`_
-
-   * - Required external dependencies
-     - | An ASGI web server, such as `Uvicorn <https://www.uvicorn.org/>`_.
-
-   * - Examples
-     - | `hello_asgi.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/hello/hello_asgi.py>`_
-       | `hello_asgi.py (uTemplate) <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/templates/utemplate/hello_asgi.py>`_
-       | `hello_asgi.py (Jinja) <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/templates/jinja/hello_asgi.py>`_
-       | `echo_asgi.py (WebSocket) <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/websocket/echo_asgi.py>`_
-
-The ``asgi`` module provides an extended ``Microdot`` class that
-implements the ASGI protocol and can be used with a compliant ASGI server such
-as `Uvicorn <https://www.uvicorn.org/>`_.
-
-To use an ASGI web server, the application must import the
-:class:`Microdot <microdot.asgi.Microdot>` class from the ``asgi`` module::
-
-    from microdot.asgi import Microdot
-
-    app = Microdot()
-
-    @app.route('/')
-    async def index(req):
-        return 'Hello, World!'
-
-The ``app`` application instance created from this class can be used as the
-ASGI callable with any complaint ASGI web server. If the above example
-application was stored in a file called *test.py*, then the following command
-runs the web application using the Uvicorn web server::
-
-    uvicorn test:app
-
-When using the ASGI support, the ``scope`` dictionary provided by the web
-server is available to request handlers as ``request.asgi_scope``.
-
-Using a WSGI Web Server
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-.. list-table::
-   :align: left
-
-   * - Compatibility
-     - | CPython only
-
-   * - Required Microdot source files
-     - | `wsgi.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/wsgi.py>`_
-
-   * - Required external dependencies
-     - | A WSGI web server, such as `Gunicorn <https://gunicorn.org/>`_.
-
-   * - Examples
-     - | `hello_wsgi.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/hello/hello_wsgi.py>`_
-       | `hello_wsgi.py (uTemplate) <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/templates/utemplate/hello_wsgi.py>`_
-       | `hello_wsgi.py (Jinja) <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/templates/jinja/hello_wsgi.py>`_
-       | `echo_wsgi.py (WebSocket) <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/websocket/echo_wsgi.py>`_
-
-
-The ``wsgi`` module provides an extended ``Microdot`` class that implements the
-WSGI protocol and can be used with a compliant WSGI web server such as 
-`Gunicorn <https://gunicorn.org/>`_ or
-`uWSGI <https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_.
-
-To use a WSGI web server, the application must import the
-:class:`Microdot <microdot.wsgi.Microdot>` class from the ``wsgi`` module::
-
-    from microdot.wsgi import Microdot
-
-    app = Microdot()
-
-    @app.route('/')
-    def index(req):
-        return 'Hello, World!'
-
-The ``app`` application instance created from this class can be used as a WSGI
-callbable with any complaint WSGI web server. If the above application
-was stored in a file called *test.py*, then the following command runs the
-web application using the Gunicorn web server::
-
-    gunicorn test:app
-
-When using the WSGI support, the ``environ`` dictionary provided by the web
-server is available to request handlers as ``request.environ``.
-
-.. note::
-    In spite of WSGI being a synchronous protocol, the Microdot application
-    internally runs under an asyncio event loop. For that reason, the
-    recommendation to prefer ``async def`` handlers over ``def`` still applies
-    under WSGI. Consult the :ref:`Concurrency` section for a discussion of how
-    the two types of functions are handled by Microdot.

docs/extensions/auth.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+Authentication
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. list-table::
+   :align: left
+
+   * - Compatibility
+     - | CPython & MicroPython
+
+   * - Required Microdot source files
+     - | `auth.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/auth.py>`_
+
+   * - Required external dependencies
+     - | None
+
+   * - Examples
+     - | `basic_auth.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/auth/basic_auth.py>`_
+       | `token_auth.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/auth/token_auth.py>`_
+
+The authentication extension provides helper classes for two commonly used
+authentication patterns, described below.
+
+Basic Authentication
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+`Basic Authentication <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_access_authentication>`_
+is a method of authentication that is part of the HTTP specification. It allows
+clients to authenticate to a server using a username and a password. Web
+browsers have native support for Basic Authentication and will automatically
+prompt the user for a username and a password when a protected resource is
+accessed.
+
+To use Basic Authentication, create an instance of the :class:`BasicAuth <microdot.auth.BasicAuth>`
+class::
+
+    from microdot.auth import BasicAuth
+
+    auth = BasicAuth(app)
+
+Next, create an authentication function. The function must accept a request
+object and a username and password pair provided by the user. If the
+credentials are valid, the function must return an object that represents the
+user. If the authentication function cannot validate the user provided
+credentials it must return ``None``. Decorate the function with
+``@auth.authenticate``::
+
+    @auth.authenticate
+    async def verify_user(request, username, password):
+        user = await load_user_from_database(username)
+        if user and user.verify_password(password):
+            return user
+
+To protect a route with authentication, add the ``auth`` instance as a
+decorator::
+
+    @app.route('/')
+    @auth
+    async def index(request):
+        return f'Hello, {request.g.current_user}!'
+
+While running an authenticated request, the user object returned by the
+authenticaction function is accessible as ``request.g.current_user``.
+
+If an endpoint is intended to work with or without authentication, then it can
+be protected with the ``auth.optional`` decorator::
+
+    @app.route('/')
+    @auth.optional
+    async def index(request):
+        if request.g.current_user:
+            return f'Hello, {request.g.current_user}!'
+        else:
+            return 'Hello, anonymous user!'
+
+As shown in the example, a route can check ``request.g.current_user`` to
+determine if the user is authenticated or not.
+
+Token Authentication
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+To set up token authentication, create an instance of
+:class:`TokenAuth <microdot.auth.TokenAuth>`::
+
+    from microdot.auth import TokenAuth
+
+    auth = TokenAuth()
+
+Then add a function that verifies the token and returns the user it belongs to,
+or ``None`` if the token is invalid or expired::
+
+    @auth.authenticate
+    async def verify_token(request, token):
+        return load_user_from_token(token)
+
+As with Basic authentication, the ``auth`` instance is used as a decorator to
+protect your routes, and the authenticated user is accessible from the request
+object as ``request.g.current_user``::
+
+    @app.route('/')
+    @auth
+    async def index(request):
+        return f'Hello, {request.g.current_user}!'
+
+Optional authentication can also be used with tokens::
+
+    @app.route('/')
+    @auth.optional
+    async def index(request):
+        if request.g.current_user:
+            return f'Hello, {request.g.current_user}!'
+        else:
+            return 'Hello, anonymous user!'

docs/extensions/cors.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. list-table::
+   :align: left
+
+   * - Compatibility
+     - | CPython & MicroPython
+
+   * - Required Microdot source files
+     - | `cors.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/cors.py>`_
+
+   * - Required external dependencies
+     - | None
+
+   * - Examples
+     - | `app.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/cors/app.py>`_
+
+The CORS extension provides support for `Cross-Origin Resource Sharing
+(CORS) <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS>`_. CORS is a
+mechanism that allows web applications running on different origins to access
+resources from each other. For example, a web application running on
+``https://example.com`` can access resources from ``https://api.example.com``.
+
+To enable CORS support, create an instance of the
+:class:`CORS <microdot.cors.CORS>` class and configure the desired options.
+Example::
+
+    from microdot import Microdot
+    from microdot.cors import CORS
+
+    app = Microdot()
+    cors = CORS(app, allowed_origins=['https://example.com'],
+                allow_credentials=True)

docs/extensions/csrf.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) Protection
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. list-table::
+   :align: left
+
+   * - Compatibility
+     - | CPython & MicroPython
+
+   * - Required Microdot source files
+     - | `csrf.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/csrf.py>`_
+
+   * - Required external dependencies
+     - | None
+
+   * - Examples
+     - | `app.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/csrf/app.py>`_
+
+The CSRF extension provides protection against `Cross-Site Request Forgery
+(CSRF) <https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/csrf>`_ attacks. This
+protection defends against attackers attempting to submit forms or other
+state-changing requests from their own site on behalf of unsuspecting victims,
+while taking advantage of the victims previously established sessions or
+cookies to impersonate them.
+
+This extension checks the ``Sec-Fetch-Site`` header sent by all modern web
+browsers to achieve this protection. As a fallback mechanism for older browsers
+that do not support this header, this extension can be linked to the CORS
+extension to validate the ``Origin`` header. If you are interested in the
+details of this protection mechanism, it is described in the
+`OWASP CSRF Prevention Cheat Sheet <https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Cross-Site_Request_Forgery_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet.html#fetch-metadata-headers>`_
+page.
+
+.. note::
+   As of December 2025, OWASP considers the use of Fetch Metadata Headers for
+   CSRF protection a
+   `defense in depth <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_in_depth>`_
+   technique that is insufficient on its own.
+
+   There is an interesting
+   `discussion <https://github.com/OWASP/CheatSheetSeries/issues/1803>`_ on
+   this topic in the OWASP GitHub repository where it appears to be agreement
+   that this technique provides complete protection for the vast majority of
+   use cases. If you are unsure if this method works for your use case, please
+   read this discussion to have more context and make the right decision. 
+
+To enable CSRF protection, create an instance of the
+:class:`CSRF <microdot.csrf.CSRF>` class and configure the desired options.
+Example::
+
+    from microdot import Microdot
+    from microdot.cors import CORS
+    from microdot.csrf import CSRF
+
+    app = Microdot()
+    cors = CORS(app, allowed_origins=['https://example.com'])
+    csrf = CSRF(app, cors)
+
+This will protect all routes that use a state-changing method (``POST``,
+``PUT``, ``PATCH`` or ``DELETE``) and will return a 403 status code response to
+any requests that fail the CSRF check.
+
+If there are routes that need to be exempted from the CSRF check, they can be
+decorated with the :meth:`csrf.exempt <microdot.csrf.CSRF.exempt>` decorator::
+
+    @app.post('/webhook')
+    @csrf.exempt
+    async def webhook(request):
+        # ...
+
+For some applications it may be more convenient to have CSRF checks turned off
+by default, and only apply them to explicitly selected routes. In this case,
+pass ``protect_all=False`` when you construct the ``CSRF`` instance and use the
+:meth:`csrf.protect <microdot.csrf.CSRF.protect>` decorator::
+
+    csrf = CSRF(app, cors, protect_all=False)
+
+    @app.post('/submit-form')
+    @csrf.protect
+    async def submit_form(request):
+        # ...
+
+By default, requests coming from different subdomains are considered to be
+cross-site, and as such they will not pass the CSRF check. If you'd like
+subdomain requests to be considered safe, then set the
+``allow_subdomains=True`` option when you create the ``CSRF`` class.
+
+.. note::
+   This extension is designed to block requests issued by web browsers when
+   they are found to be unsafe or unauthorized by the application owner. The
+   method used to determine if a request should be allowed or not is based on
+   the value of headers that are only sent by web browsers. Clients other than
+   web browsers are not affected by this extension and can send requests
+   freely.

docs/extensions/index.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+Core Extensions
+---------------
+
+Microdot is a highly extensible web application framework. The extensions
+described in this section are maintained as part of the Microdot project in
+the same source code repository.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   multipart
+   websocket
+   sse
+   templates
+   sessions
+   auth
+   login
+   cors
+   csrf
+   test_client
+   production

docs/extensions/login.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+User Logins
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. list-table::
+   :align: left
+
+   * - Compatibility
+     - | CPython & MicroPython
+
+   * - Required Microdot source files
+     - | `login.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/auth.py>`_
+       | `session.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/session.py>`_
+       | `helpers.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/helpers.py>`_
+   * - Required external dependencies
+     - | CPython: `PyJWT <https://pyjwt.readthedocs.io/>`_
+       | MicroPython: `jwt.py <https://github.com/micropython/micropython-lib/blob/master/python-ecosys/pyjwt/jwt.py>`_,
+                      `hmac.py <https://github.com/micropython/micropython-lib/blob/master/python-stdlib/hmac/hmac.py>`_
+   * - Examples
+     - | `login.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/login/login.py>`_
+
+The login extension provides user login functionality. The logged in state of
+the user is stored in the user session cookie, and an optional "remember me"
+cookie can also be added to keep the user logged in across browser sessions.
+
+To use this extension, create instances of the
+:class:`Session <microdot.session.Session>` and :class:`Login <microdot.login.Login>`
+class::
+
+    Session(app, secret_key='top-secret!')
+    login = Login()
+
+The ``Login`` class accept an optional argument with the URL of the login page.
+The default for this URL is */login*.
+
+The application must represent users as objects with an ``id`` attribute. A
+function decorated with ``@login.user_loader`` is used to load a user object::
+
+    @login.user_loader
+    async def get_user(user_id):
+        return database.get_user(user_id)
+
+The application must implement the login form. At the point in which the user
+credentials have been received and verified, a call to the
+:func:`login_user() <microdot.login.Login.login_user>` function must be made to
+record the user in the user session::
+
+    @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
+    async def login(request):
+        # ...
+        if user.check_password(password):
+            return await login.login_user(request, user, remember=remember_me)
+        return redirect('/login')
+
+The optional ``remember`` argument is used to add a remember me cookie that
+will log the user in automatically in future sessions. A value of ``True`` will
+keep the log in active for 30 days. Alternatively, an integer number of days
+can be passed in this argument.
+
+Any routes that require the user to be logged in must be decorated with
+:func:`@login <microdot.login.Login.__call__>`::
+
+    @app.route('/')
+    @login
+    async def index(request):
+        # ...
+
+Routes that are of a sensitive nature can be decorated with
+:func:`@login.fresh <microdot.login.Login.fresh>`
+instead. This decorator requires that the user has logged in during the current
+session, and will ask the user to logged in again if the session was
+authenticated through a remember me cookie::
+
+    @app.get('/fresh')
+    @login.fresh
+    async def fresh(request):
+        # ...
+
+To log out a user, the :func:`logout_user() <microdot.auth.Login.logout_user>`
+is used::
+
+    @app.post('/logout')
+    @login
+    async def logout(request):
+        await login.logout_user(request)
+        return redirect('/')

docs/extensions/multipart.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+Multipart Forms
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. list-table::
+   :align: left
+
+   * - Compatibility
+     - | CPython & MicroPython
+
+   * - Required Microdot source files
+     -  | `multipart.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/multipart.py>`_
+        | `helpers.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/helpers.py>`_
+
+   * - Required external dependencies
+     - | None
+
+   * - Examples
+     - | `formdata.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/uploads/formdata.py>`_
+
+The multipart extension handles multipart forms, including those that have file
+uploads.
+
+The :func:`with_form_data <microdot.multipart.with_form_data>` decorator
+provides the simplest way to work with these forms. With this decorator added
+to the route, whenever the client sends a multipart request the
+:attr:`request.form <microdot.Request.form>` and
+:attr:`request.files <microdot.Request.files>` properties are populated with
+the submitted data. For form fields the field values are always strings. For
+files, they are instances of the
+:class:`FileUpload <microdot.multipart.FileUpload>` class.
+
+Example::
+
+    from microdot.multipart import with_form_data
+
+    @app.post('/upload')
+    @with_form_data
+    async def upload(request):
+        print('form fields:', request.form)
+        print('files:', request.files)
+
+One disadvantage of the ``@with_form_data`` decorator is that it has to copy
+any uploaded files to memory or temporary disk files, depending on their size.
+The :attr:`FileUpload.max_memory_size <microdot.multipart.FileUpload.max_memory_size>`
+attribute can be used to control the cutoff size above which a file upload
+is transferred to a temporary file.
+
+A more performant alternative to the ``@with_form_data`` decorator is the
+:class:`FormDataIter <microdot.multipart.FormDataIter>` class, which iterates
+over the form fields sequentially, giving the application the option to parse
+the form fields on the fly and decide what to copy and what to discard. When
+using ``FormDataIter`` the ``request.form`` and ``request.files`` attributes
+are not used.
+
+Example::
+
+
+    from microdot.multipart import FormDataIter
+
+    @app.post('/upload')
+    async def upload(request):
+        async for name, value in FormDataIter(request):
+            print(name, value)
+
+For fields that contain an uploaded file, the ``value`` returned by the
+iterator is the same ``FileUpload`` instance. The application can choose to
+save the file with the :meth:`save() <microdot.multipart.FileUpload.save>`
+method, or read it with the :meth:`read() <microdot.multipart.FileUpload.read>`
+method, optionally passing a size to read it in chunks. The
+:meth:`copy() <microdot.multipart.FileUpload.copy>` method is also available to
+apply the copying logic used by the ``@with_form_data`` decorator, which is
+inefficient but allows the file to be set aside to be processed later, after
+the remaining form fields.

docs/extensions/production.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+Production Deployments
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The ``Microdot`` class creates its own simple web server. This is enough for an
+application deployed with MicroPython, but when using CPython it may be useful
+to use a separate, battle-tested web server. To address this need, Microdot
+provides extensions that implement the ASGI and WSGI protocols.
+
+Using an ASGI Web Server
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. list-table::
+   :align: left
+
+   * - Compatibility
+     - | CPython only
+
+   * - Required Microdot source files
+     - | `asgi.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/asgi.py>`_
+
+   * - Required external dependencies
+     - | An ASGI web server, such as `Uvicorn <https://www.uvicorn.org/>`_.
+
+   * - Examples
+     - | `hello_asgi.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/hello/hello_asgi.py>`_
+       | `hello_asgi.py (uTemplate) <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/templates/utemplate/hello_asgi.py>`_
+       | `hello_asgi.py (Jinja) <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/templates/jinja/hello_asgi.py>`_
+       | `echo_asgi.py (WebSocket) <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/websocket/echo_asgi.py>`_
+
+The ``asgi`` module provides an extended ``Microdot`` class that
+implements the ASGI protocol and can be used with a compliant ASGI server such
+as `Uvicorn <https://www.uvicorn.org/>`_.
+
+To use an ASGI web server, the application must import the
+:class:`Microdot <microdot.asgi.Microdot>` class from the ``asgi`` module::
+
+    from microdot.asgi import Microdot
+
+    app = Microdot()
+
+    @app.route('/')
+    async def index(req):
+        return 'Hello, World!'
+
+The ``app`` application instance created from this class can be used as the
+ASGI callable with any complaint ASGI web server. If the above example
+application was stored in a file called *test.py*, then the following command
+runs the web application using the Uvicorn web server::
+
+    uvicorn test:app
+
+When using the ASGI support, the ``scope`` dictionary provided by the web
+server is available to request handlers as ``request.asgi_scope``.
+
+The application instance can be initialized with ``lifespan_startup`` and
+``lifespan_shutdown`` arguments, which are invoked when the web server sends
+the ASGI lifespan signals with the ASGI scope as only argument::
+
+    async def startup(scope):
+        pass
+
+    async def shutdown(scope):
+        pass
+
+    app = Microdot(lifespan_startup=startup, lifespan_shutdown=shutdown)
+
+Using a WSGI Web Server
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. list-table::
+   :align: left
+
+   * - Compatibility
+     - | CPython only
+
+   * - Required Microdot source files
+     - | `wsgi.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/wsgi.py>`_
+
+   * - Required external dependencies
+     - | A WSGI web server, such as `Gunicorn <https://gunicorn.org/>`_.
+
+   * - Examples
+     - | `hello_wsgi.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/hello/hello_wsgi.py>`_
+       | `hello_wsgi.py (uTemplate) <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/templates/utemplate/hello_wsgi.py>`_
+       | `hello_wsgi.py (Jinja) <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/templates/jinja/hello_wsgi.py>`_
+       | `echo_wsgi.py (WebSocket) <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/websocket/echo_wsgi.py>`_
+
+
+The ``wsgi`` module provides an extended ``Microdot`` class that implements the
+WSGI protocol and can be used with a compliant WSGI web server such as 
+`Gunicorn <https://gunicorn.org/>`_ or
+`uWSGI <https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_.
+
+To use a WSGI web server, the application must import the
+:class:`Microdot <microdot.wsgi.Microdot>` class from the ``wsgi`` module::
+
+    from microdot.wsgi import Microdot
+
+    app = Microdot()
+
+    @app.route('/')
+    def index(req):
+        return 'Hello, World!'
+
+The ``app`` application instance created from this class can be used as a WSGI
+callbable with any complaint WSGI web server. If the above application
+was stored in a file called *test.py*, then the following command runs the
+web application using the Gunicorn web server::
+
+    gunicorn test:app
+
+When using the WSGI support, the ``environ`` dictionary provided by the web
+server is available to request handlers as ``request.environ``.
+
+.. note::
+    In spite of WSGI being a synchronous protocol, the Microdot application
+    internally runs under an asyncio event loop. For that reason, the
+    recommendation to prefer ``async def`` handlers over ``def`` still applies
+    under WSGI. Consult the :ref:`Concurrency` section for a discussion of how
+    the two types of functions are handled by Microdot.

docs/extensions/sessions.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+Secure User Sessions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. list-table::
+   :align: left
+
+   * - Compatibility
+     - | CPython & MicroPython
+
+   * - Required Microdot source files
+     - | `session.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/session.py>`_
+       | `helpers.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/helpers.py>`_
+
+   * - Required external dependencies
+     - | CPython: `PyJWT <https://pyjwt.readthedocs.io/>`_
+       | MicroPython: `jwt.py <https://github.com/micropython/micropython-lib/blob/master/python-ecosys/pyjwt/jwt.py>`_,
+                      `hmac.py <https://github.com/micropython/micropython-lib/blob/master/python-stdlib/hmac/hmac.py>`_
+
+   * - Examples
+     - | `login.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/sessions/login.py>`_
+
+The session extension provides a secure way for the application to maintain
+user sessions. The session data is stored as a signed cookie in the client's
+browser, in `JSON Web Token (JWT) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON_Web_Token>`_
+format.
+
+To work with user sessions, the application first must configure a secret key
+that will be used to sign the session cookies. It is very important that this
+key is kept secret, as its name implies. An attacker who is in possession of
+this key can generate valid user session cookies with any contents.
+
+To initialize the session extension and configure the secret key, create a
+:class:`Session <microdot.session.Session>` object::
+
+    Session(app, secret_key='top-secret')
+
+The :func:`with_session <microdot.session.with_session>` decorator is the
+most convenient way to retrieve the session at the start of a request::
+
+    from microdot import Microdot, redirect
+    from microdot.session import Session, with_session
+
+    app = Microdot()
+    Session(app, secret_key='top-secret')
+
+    @app.route('/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
+    @with_session
+    async def index(req, session):
+        username = session.get('username')
+        if req.method == 'POST':
+            username = req.form.get('username')
+            session['username'] = username
+            session.save()
+            return redirect('/')
+        if username is None:
+            return 'Not logged in'
+        else:
+            return 'Logged in as ' + username
+
+    @app.post('/logout')
+    @with_session
+    async def logout(req, session):
+        session.delete()
+        return redirect('/')
+
+The :func:`save() <microdot.session.SessionDict.save>` and
+:func:`delete() <microdot.session.SessionDict.delete>` methods are used to update
+and destroy the user session respectively.

docs/extensions/sse.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+Server-Sent Events
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. list-table::
+   :align: left
+
+   * - Compatibility
+     - | CPython & MicroPython
+
+   * - Required Microdot source files
+     -  | `sse.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/sse.py>`_
+        | `helpers.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/helpers.py>`_
+
+   * - Required external dependencies
+     - | None
+
+   * - Examples
+     - | `counter.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/sse/counter.py>`_
+
+The Server-Sent Events (SSE) extension simplifies the creation of a streaming
+endpoint that follows the SSE web standard. The :func:`with_sse <microdot.sse.with_sse>`
+decorator is used to mark a route as an SSE handler. Decorated routes receive
+an SSE object as second argument. The SSE object provides a ``send()``
+asynchronous method to send an event to the client.
+
+Example::
+
+    from microdot.sse import with_sse
+
+    @app.route('/events')
+    @with_sse
+    async def events(request, sse):
+        for i in range(10):
+            await asyncio.sleep(1)
+            await sse.send({'counter': i})  # unnamed event
+        await sse.send('end', event='comment')  # named event
+
+To end the SSE connection, the route handler can exit, without returning
+anything, as shown in the above examples.
+
+If the client ends the SSE connection from their side, the route function is
+cancelled. The route function can catch the ``CancelledError`` exception from
+asyncio to perform cleanup tasks::
+
+    @app.route('/events')
+    @with_sse
+    async def events(request, sse):
+        try:
+            i = 0
+            while True:
+                await asyncio.sleep(1)
+                await sse.send({'counter': i})
+                i += 1
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            print('Client disconnected!')
+
+.. note::
+   The SSE protocol is unidirectional, so there is no ``receive()`` method in
+   the SSE object. For bidirectional communication with the client, use the
+   WebSocket extension.

docs/extensions/templates.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+Templates
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+Many web applications use HTML templates for rendering content to clients.
+Microdot includes extensions to render templates with the
+`utemplate <https://github.com/pfalcon/utemplate>`_ package on CPython and
+MicroPython, and with `Jinja <https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/>`_ only on
+CPython.
+
+Using the uTemplate Engine
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. list-table::
+   :align: left
+
+   * - Compatibility
+     - | CPython & MicroPython
+
+   * - Required Microdot source files
+     - | `utemplate.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/utemplate.py>`_
+
+   * - Required external dependencies
+     - | `utemplate <https://github.com/pfalcon/utemplate/tree/master/utemplate>`_
+
+   * - Examples
+     - | `hello.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/templates/utemplate/hello.py>`_
+
+The :class:`Template <microdot.utemplate.Template>` class is used to load a
+template. The argument is the template filename, relative to the templates
+directory, which is *templates* by default.
+
+The ``Template`` object has a :func:`render() <microdot.utemplate.Template.render>`
+method that renders the template to a string. This method receives any
+arguments that are used by the template.
+
+Example::
+
+    from microdot.utemplate import Template
+
+    @app.get('/')
+    async def index(req):
+        return Template('index.html').render()
+
+The ``Template`` object also has a :func:`generate() <microdot.utemplate.Template.generate>`
+method, which returns a generator instead of a string. The
+:func:`render_async() <microdot.utemplate.Template.render_async>` and
+:func:`generate_async() <microdot.utemplate.Template.generate_async>` methods
+are the asynchronous versions of these two methods.
+
+The default location from where templates are loaded is the *templates*
+subdirectory. This location can be changed with the
+:func:`Template.initialize <microdot.utemplate.Template.initialize>` class
+method::
+
+    Template.initialize('my_templates')
+
+By default templates are automatically compiled the first time they are
+rendered, or when their last modified timestamp is more recent than the
+compiledo file's timestamp. This loading behavior can be changed by switching
+to a different template loader. For example, if the templates are pre-compiled,
+the timestamp check and compile steps can be removed by switching to the
+"compiled" template loader::
+
+    from utemplate import compiled
+    from microdot.utemplate import Template
+
+    Template.initialize(loader_class=compiled.Loader)
+
+Consult the `uTemplate documentation <https://github.com/pfalcon/utemplate>`_
+for additional information regarding template loaders.
+
+Using the Jinja Engine
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. list-table::
+   :align: left
+
+   * - Compatibility
+     - | CPython only
+
+   * - Required Microdot source files
+     - | `jinja.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/jinja.py>`_
+
+   * - Required external dependencies
+     - | `Jinja2 <https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/>`_
+
+   * - Examples
+     - | `hello.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/templates/jinja/hello.py>`_
+
+The :class:`Template <microdot.jinja.Template>` class is used to load a
+template. The argument is the template filename, relative to the templates
+directory, which is *templates* by default.
+
+The ``Template`` object has a :func:`render() <microdot.jinja.Template.render>`
+method that renders the template to a string. This method receives any
+arguments that are used by the template.
+
+Example::
+
+    from microdot.jinja import Template
+
+    @app.get('/')
+    async def index(req):
+        return Template('index.html').render()
+
+The ``Template`` object also has a :func:`generate() <microdot.jinja.Template.generate>`
+method, which returns a generator instead of a string.
+
+The default location from where templates are loaded is the *templates*
+subdirectory. This location can be changed with the
+:func:`Template.initialize <microdot.jinja.Template.initialize>` class method::
+
+    Template.initialize('my_templates')
+
+The ``initialize()`` method also accepts ``enable_async`` argument, which
+can be set to ``True`` if asynchronous rendering of templates is desired. If
+this option is enabled, then the
+:func:`render_async() <microdot.jinja.Template.render_async>` and
+:func:`generate_async() <microdot.jinja.Template.generate_async>` methods
+must be used.
+
+.. note::
+    The Jinja extension is not compatible with MicroPython.

docs/extensions/test_client.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+Test Client
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. list-table::
+   :align: left
+
+   * - Compatibility
+     - | CPython & MicroPython
+
+   * - Required Microdot source files
+     - | `test_client.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/test_client.py>`_
+
+   * - Required external dependencies
+     - | None
+
+The Microdot Test Client is a utility class that can be used in tests to send
+requests into the application without having to start a web server.
+
+Example::
+
+    from microdot import Microdot
+    from microdot.test_client import TestClient
+
+    app = Microdot()
+
+    @app.route('/')
+    def index(req):
+        return 'Hello, World!'
+
+    async def test_app():
+        client = TestClient(app)
+        response = await client.get('/')
+        assert response.text == 'Hello, World!'
+
+See the documentation for the :class:`TestClient <microdot.test_client.TestClient>`
+class for more details.

docs/extensions/websocket.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+WebSocket
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. list-table::
+   :align: left
+
+   * - Compatibility
+     - | CPython & MicroPython
+
+   * - Required Microdot source files
+     -  | `websocket.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/websocket.py>`_
+        | `helpers.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot/helpers.py>`_
+
+   * - Required external dependencies
+     - | None
+
+   * - Examples
+     - | `echo.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/websocket/echo.py>`_
+
+The WebSocket extension gives the application the ability to handle WebSocket
+requests. The :func:`with_websocket <microdot.websocket.with_websocket>`
+decorator is used to mark a route handler as a WebSocket handler. Decorated
+routes receive a WebSocket object as a second argument. The WebSocket object
+provides ``send()`` and ``receive()`` asynchronous methods to send and receive
+messages respectively.
+
+Example::
+
+    from microdot.websocket import with_websocket
+
+    @app.route('/echo')
+    @with_websocket
+    async def echo(request, ws):
+        while True:
+            message = await ws.receive()
+            await ws.send(message)
+
+To end the WebSocket connection, the route handler can exit, without returning
+anything::
+
+    @app.route('/echo')
+    @with_websocket
+    async def echo(request, ws):
+        while True:
+            message = await ws.receive()
+            if message == 'exit':
+                break
+            await ws.send(message)
+        await ws.send('goodbye')
+
+If the client ends the WebSocket connection from their side, the route function
+is cancelled. The route function can catch the ``CancelledError`` exception
+from asyncio to perform cleanup tasks::
+
+    @app.route('/echo')
+    @with_websocket
+    async def echo(request, ws):
+        try:
+            while True:
+                message = await ws.receive()
+                await ws.send(message)
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            print('Client disconnected!')

docs/implementation/freezing.rst

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
-Cross-Compiling and Freezing Microdot (MicroPython Only)
---------------------------------------------------------
+Cross-Compiling and Freezing Microdot
+-------------------------------------
+
+.. note::
+   This section only applies when using Microdot on MicroPython.
 
 Microdot is a fairly small framework, so its size is not something you need to
 be concerned about unless you are working with MicroPython on hardware with a
@@ -36,7 +39,7 @@ Cross-Compiling
 
 An issue that is common with low-end microcontroller boards is that they do not
 have enough RAM for the MicroPython compiler to compile the source files, but
-once the code is compiled they are able to run it without problems.
+once the code is compiled they are able to run it just fine.
 
 To address this, MicroPython allows you to cross-compile source files on your
 desktop or laptop computer and then upload their compiled versions to the
@@ -82,8 +85,8 @@ imported directly from the device's ROM, leaving more RAM available for
 application use.
 
 The process to create a custom firmware is unfortunately non-trivial and
-different depending on the device, so you will need to consult the MicroPython
-documentation that applies to your device to learn how to do this.
+different for each microcontroller platform, so you will need to consult the
+MicroPython documentation that applies to your device to learn how to do this.
 
 The part of the process that is common to all devices is the creation of a
 `manifest file <https://docs.micropython.org/en/latest/reference/manifest.html>`_

docs/implementation/index.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Implementation notes
+--------------------
+
+This section covers some implementation aspects of Microdot.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   migrating
+   freezing
+

docs/index.rst

@@ -14,13 +14,14 @@ systems with limited resources such as microcontrollers. Both standard Python
 (CPython) and `MicroPython <https://micropython.org>`_ are supported.
 
 .. toctree::
-   :maxdepth: 3
+   :maxdepth: 2 
 
    intro
-   extensions
-   migrating
-   freezing
-   api
+   users-guide/index
+   extensions/index
+   implementation/index
+   api/index
+   contributing
 
 * :ref:`genindex`
 * :ref:`search`

docs/intro.rst

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 Installation
 ------------
 
-The installation method is different depending on the version of Python.
+The installation method is different depending on which flavor of Python you 
+are using.
 
 CPython Installation
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 For use with standard Python (CPython) projects, Microdot and all of its core
-extensions are installed with ``pip``::
+extensions are installed with ``pip`` or any of its alternatives::
 
     pip install microdot
 
@@ -17,882 +18,27 @@ MicroPython Installation
 For MicroPython, the recommended approach is to manually copy the necessary
 source files from the
 `GitHub repository <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src>`_
-into your device, ideally after
-`compiling <https://docs.micropython.org/en/latest/reference/mpyfiles.html>`_
-them to *.mpy* files. These source files can also be
-`frozen <https://docs.micropython.org/en/latest/develop/optimizations.html?highlight=frozen#frozen-bytecode>`_
-and incorporated into a custom MicroPython firmware.
+into your device.
 
 Use the following guidelines to know what files to copy:
 
 * For a minimal setup with only the base web server functionality, copy
   `microdot.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/src/microdot/microdot.py>`_
-  into your project.
-* For a configuration that includes one or more optional extensions, create a
-  *microdot* directory in your device and copy the following files:
+  to your device.
+* For a configuration that includes one or more of the optional extensions,
+  create a *microdot* directory in your device and copy the following files:
 
   * `__init__.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/src/microdot/__init__.py>`_
   * `microdot.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/src/microdot/microdot.py>`_
   * any needed `extensions <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/tree/main/src/microdot>`_.
 
+Some of the low end devices are perfectly capable of running Microdot once
+compiled, but do not have enough RAM for the compiler. For these cases you can
+`pre-compile <https://docs.micropython.org/en/latest/reference/mpyfiles.html>`_
+the files to *.mpy* files for the version of MicroPython that you use in your
+device.
 
-Getting Started
----------------
+If space in your device is extremely tight, you may also consider
+`freezing <https://docs.micropython.org/en/latest/develop/optimizations.html?highlight=frozen#frozen-bytecode>`_
+the Microdot files and incorporating them into a custom MicroPython firmware.
 
-This section describes the main features of Microdot in an informal manner.
-
-For detailed reference information, consult the :ref:`API Reference`.
-
-If you are familiar with releases of Microdot before 2.x, review the
-:ref:`Migration Guide <Migrating to Microdot 2.x from Older Releases>`.
-
-A Simple Microdot Web Server
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-The following is an example of a simple web server::
-
-    from microdot import Microdot
-
-    app = Microdot()
-
-    @app.route('/')
-    async def index(request):
-        return 'Hello, world!'
-
-    app.run()
-
-The script imports the :class:`Microdot <microdot.Microdot>` class and creates
-an application instance from it.
-
-The application instance provides a :func:`route() <microdot.Microdot.route>`
-decorator, which is used to define one or more routes, as needed by the
-application.
-
-The ``route()`` decorator takes the path portion of the URL as an
-argument, and maps it to the decorated function, so that the function is called
-when the client requests the URL.
-
-When the function is called, it is passed a :class:`Request <microdot.Request>`
-object as an argument, which provides access to the information passed by the
-client. The value returned by the function is sent back to the client as the
-response.
-
-Microdot is an asynchronous framework that uses the ``asyncio`` package. Route
-handler functions can be defined as ``async def`` or ``def`` functions, but
-``async def`` functions are recommended for performance.
-
-The :func:`run() <microdot.Microdot.run>` method starts the application's web
-server on port 5000 by default, and creates its own asynchronous loop. This
-method blocks while it waits for connections from clients.
-
-For some applications it may be necessary to run the web server alongside other
-asynchronous tasks, on an already running loop. In that case, instead of
-``app.run()`` the web server can be started by invoking the
-:func:`start_server() <microdot.Microdot.start_server>` coroutine as shown in
-the following example::
-
-    import asyncio
-    from microdot import Microdot
-
-    app = Microdot()
-
-    @app.route('/')
-    async def index(request):
-        return 'Hello, world!'
-
-    async def main():
-        # start the server in a background task
-        server = asyncio.create_task(app.start_server())
-
-        # ... do other asynchronous work here ...
-
-        # cleanup before ending the application
-        await server
-
-    asyncio.run(main())
-
-Running with CPython
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-.. list-table::
-   :align: left
-
-   * - Required Microdot source files
-     - | `microdot.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/src/microdot/microdot.py>`_
-
-   * - Required external dependencies
-     - | None
-
-   * - Examples
-     - | `hello.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/hello/hello.py>`_
-
-When using CPython, you can start the web server by running the script that
-has the ``app.run()`` call at the bottom::
-
-    python main.py
-
-After starting the script, open a web browser and navigate to
-*http://localhost:5000/* to access the application at the default address for
-the Microdot web server. From other computers in the same network, use the IP
-address or hostname of the computer running the script instead of
-``localhost``.
-
-Running with MicroPython
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-.. list-table::
-   :align: left
-
-   * - Required Microdot source files
-     - | `microdot.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/src/microdot/microdot.py>`_
-
-   * - Required external dependencies
-     - | None
-
-   * - Examples
-     - | `hello.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/hello/hello.py>`_
-       | `gpio.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/gpio/gpio.py>`_
-
-When using MicroPython, you can upload a *main.py* file containing the web
-server code to your device, along with the required Microdot files, as defined
-in the :ref:`MicroPython Installation` section.
-
-MicroPython will automatically run *main.py* when the device is powered on, so
-the web server will automatically start. The application can be accessed on
-port 5000 at the device's IP address. As indicated above, the port can be
-changed by passing the ``port`` argument to the ``run()`` method.
-
-.. note::
-   Microdot does not configure the network interface of the device in which it
-   is running. If your device requires a network connection to be made in
-   advance, for example to a Wi-Fi access point, this must be configured before
-   the ``run()`` method is invoked.
-
-Web Server Configuration
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-The :func:`run() <microdot.Microdot.run>` and
-:func:`start_server() <microdot.Microdot.start_server>` methods support a few
-arguments to configure the web server.
-
-- ``port``: The port number to listen on. Pass the desired port number in this
-  argument to use a port different than the default of 5000. For example::
-
-    app.run(port=6000)
-
-- ``host``: The IP address of the network interface to listen on. By default
-  the server listens on all available interfaces. To listen only on the local
-  loopback interface, pass ``'127.0.0.1'`` as value for this argument.
-- ``debug``: when set to ``True``, the server ouputs logging information to the
-  console. The default is ``False``.
-- ``ssl``: an ``SSLContext`` instance that configures the server to use TLS
-  encryption, or ``None`` to disable TLS use. The default is ``None``. The
-  following example demonstrates how to configure the server with an SSL
-  certificate stored in *cert.pem* and *key.pem* files::
-
-    import ssl
-
-    # ...
-
-    sslctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER)
-    sslctx.load_cert_chain('cert.pem', 'key.pem')
-    app.run(port=4443, debug=True, ssl=sslctx)
-
-.. note::
-   When using CPython, the certificate and key files must be given in PEM
-   format. When using MicroPython, these files must be given in DER format.
-
-Defining Routes
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-The :func:`route() <microdot.Microdot.route>` decorator is used to associate an
-application URL with the function that handles it. The only required argument
-to the decorator is the path portion of the URL.
-
-The following example creates a route for the root URL of the application::
-
-    @app.route('/')
-    async def index(request):
-        return 'Hello, world!'
-
-When a client requests the root URL (for example, *http://localhost:5000/*),
-Microdot will call the ``index()`` function, passing it a
-:class:`Request <microdot.Request>` object. The return value of the function
-is the response that is sent to the client.
-
-Below is another example, this one with a route for a URL with two components
-in its path::
-
-    @app.route('/users/active')
-    async def active_users(request):
-        return 'Active users: Susan, Joe, and Bob'
-
-The complete URL that maps to this route is
-*http://localhost:5000/users/active*.
-
-An application can include multiple routes. Microdot uses the path portion of
-the URL to determine the correct route function to call for each incoming
-request.
-
-Choosing the HTTP Method
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-All the example routes shown above are associated with ``GET`` requests, which
-are the default. Applications often need to define routes for other HTTP
-methods, such as ``POST``, ``PUT``, ``PATCH`` and ``DELETE``. The ``route()``
-decorator takes a ``methods`` optional argument, in which the application can
-provide a list of HTTP methods that the route should be associated with on the
-given path.
-
-The following example defines a route that handles ``GET`` and ``POST``
-requests within the same function::
-
-    @app.route('/invoices', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
-    async def invoices(request):
-        if request.method == 'GET':
-            return 'get invoices'
-        elif request.method == 'POST':
-            return 'create an invoice'
-
-As an alternative to the example above, in which a single function is used to
-handle multiple HTTP methods, sometimes it may be desirable to write a separate
-function for each HTTP method. The above example can be implemented with two
-routes as follows::
-
-    @app.route('/invoices', methods=['GET'])
-    async def get_invoices(request):
-        return 'get invoices'
-
-    @app.route('/invoices', methods=['POST'])
-    async def create_invoice(request):
-        return 'create an invoice'
-
-Microdot provides the :func:`get() <microdot.Microdot.get>`,
-:func:`post() <microdot.Microdot.post>`, :func:`put() <microdot.Microdot.put>`,
-:func:`patch() <microdot.Microdot.patch>`, and
-:func:`delete() <microdot.Microdot.delete>` decorators as shortcuts for the
-corresponding HTTP methods. The two example routes above can be written more
-concisely with them::
-
-    @app.get('/invoices')
-    async def get_invoices(request):
-        return 'get invoices'
-
-    @app.post('/invoices')
-    async def create_invoice(request):
-        return 'create an invoice'
-
-Including Dynamic Components in the URL Path
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-The examples shown above all use hardcoded URL paths. Microdot also supports
-the definition of routes that have dynamic components in the path. For example,
-the following route associates all URLs that have a path following the pattern
-*http://localhost:5000/users/<username>* with the ``get_user()`` function::
-
-    @app.get('/users/<username>')
-    async def get_user(request, username):
-        return 'User: ' + username
-
-As shown in the example, a path component that is enclosed in angle brackets
-is considered a placeholder. Microdot accepts any values for that portion of
-the URL path, and passes the value received to the function as an argument
-after the request object.
-
-Routes are not limited to a single dynamic component. The following route shows
-how multiple dynamic components can be included in the path::
-
-    @app.get('/users/<firstname>/<lastname>')
-    async def get_user(request, firstname, lastname):
-        return 'User: ' + firstname + ' ' + lastname
-
-Dynamic path components are considered to be strings by default. An explicit
-type can be specified as a prefix, separated from the dynamic component name by
-a colon. The following route has two dynamic components declared as an integer
-and a string respectively::
-
-    @app.get('/users/<int:id>/<string:username>')
-    async def get_user(request, id, username):
-        return 'User: ' + username + ' (' + str(id) + ')'
-
-If a dynamic path component is defined as an integer, the value passed to the
-route function is also an integer. If the client sends a value that is not an
-integer in the corresponding section of the URL path, then the URL will not
-match and the route will not be called.
-
-A special type ``path`` can be used to capture the remainder of the path as a
-single argument. The difference between an argument of type ``path`` and one of
-type ``string`` is that the latter stops capturing when a ``/`` appears in the
-URL::
-
-    @app.get('/tests/<path:path>')
-    async def get_test(request, path):
-        return 'Test: ' + path
-
-For the most control, the ``re`` type allows the application to provide a
-custom regular expression for the dynamic component. The next example defines
-a route that only matches usernames that begin with an upper or lower case
-letter, followed by a sequence of letters or numbers::
-
-    @app.get('/users/<re:[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*:username>')
-    async def get_user(request, username):
-        return 'User: ' + username
-
-.. note::
-   Dynamic path components are passed to route functions as keyword arguments,
-   so the names of the function arguments must match the names declared in the
-   path specification.
-
-Before and After Request Handlers
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-It is common for applications to need to perform one or more actions before a
-request is handled. Examples include authenticating and/or authorizing the
-client, opening a connection to a database, or checking if the requested
-resource can be obtained from a cache. The
-:func:`before_request() <microdot.Microdot.before_request>` decorator registers
-a function to be called before the request is dispatched to the route function.
-
-The following example registers a before-request handler that ensures that the
-client is authenticated before the request is handled::
-
-    @app.before_request
-    async def authenticate(request):
-        user = authorize(request)
-        if not user:
-            return 'Unauthorized', 401
-        request.g.user = user
-
-Before-request handlers receive the request object as an argument. If the
-function returns a value, Microdot sends it to the client as the response, and
-does not invoke the route function. This gives before-request handlers the
-power to intercept a request if necessary. The example above uses this
-technique to prevent an unauthorized user from accessing the requested
-route.
-
-After-request handlers registered with the
-:func:`after_request() <microdot.Microdot.after_request>` decorator are called
-after the route function returns a response. Their purpose is to perform any
-common closing or cleanup tasks. The next example shows a combination of
-before- and after-request handlers that print the time it takes for a request
-to be handled::
-
-    @app.before_request
-    async def start_timer(request):
-        request.g.start_time = time.time()
-
-    @app.after_request
-    async def end_timer(request, response):
-        duration = time.time() - request.g.start_time
-        print(f'Request took {duration:0.2f} seconds')
-
-After-request handlers receive the request and response objects as arguments,
-and they can return a modified response object to replace the original. If
-no value is returned from an after-request handler, then the original response
-object is used.
-
-The after-request handlers are only invoked for successful requests. The
-:func:`after_error_request() <microdot.Microdot.after_error_request>`
-decorator can be used to register a function that is called after an error
-occurs. The function receives the request and the error response and is
-expected to return an updated response object after performing any necessary
-cleanup.
-
-.. note::
-   The :ref:`request.g <The "g" Object>` object used in many of the above
-   examples is a special object that allows the before- and after-request
-   handlers, as well as the route function to share data during the life of the
-   request.
-
-Error Handlers
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-When an error occurs during the handling of a request, Microdot ensures that
-the client receives an appropriate error response. Some of the common errors
-automatically handled by Microdot are:
-
-- 400 for malformed requests.
-- 404 for URLs that are unknown.
-- 405 for URLs that are known, but not implemented for the requested HTTP
-  method.
-- 413 for requests that are larger than the allowed size.
-- 500 when the application raises an unhandled exception.
-
-While the above errors are fully complaint with the HTTP specification, the
-application might want to provide custom responses for them. The
-:func:`errorhandler() <microdot.Microdot.errorhandler>` decorator registers
-functions to respond to specific error codes. The following example shows a
-custom error handler for 404 errors::
-
-    @app.errorhandler(404)
-    async def not_found(request):
-        return {'error': 'resource not found'}, 404
-
-The ``errorhandler()`` decorator has a second form, in which it takes an
-exception class as an argument. Microdot will invoke the handler when an
-unhandled exception that is an instance of the given class is raised. The next
-example provides a custom response for division by zero errors::
-
-    @app.errorhandler(ZeroDivisionError)
-    async def division_by_zero(request, exception):
-        return {'error': 'division by zero'}, 500
-
-When the raised exception class does not have an error handler defined, but
-one or more of its parent classes do, Microdot makes an attempt to invoke the
-most specific handler.
-
-Mounting a Sub-Application
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-Small Microdot applications can be written as a single source file, but this
-is not the best option for applications that past a certain size. To make it
-simpler to write large applications, Microdot supports the concept of
-sub-applications that can be "mounted" on a larger application, possibly with
-a common URL prefix applied to all of its routes. For developers familiar with
-the Flask framework, this is a similar concept to Flask's blueprints.
-
-Consider, for example, a *customers.py* sub-application that implements
-operations on customers::
-
-    from microdot import Microdot
-
-    customers_app = Microdot()
-
-    @customers_app.get('/')
-    async def get_customers(request):
-        # return all customers
-
-    @customers_app.post('/')
-    async def new_customer(request):
-        # create a new customer
-
-Similar to the above, the *orders.py* sub-application implements operations on
-customer orders::
-
-    from microdot import Microdot
-
-    orders_app = Microdot()
-
-    @orders_app.get('/')
-    async def get_orders(request):
-        # return all orders
-
-    @orders_app.post('/')
-    async def new_order(request):
-        # create a new order
-
-Now the main application, which is stored in *main.py*, can import and mount
-the sub-applications to build the larger combined application::
-
-    from microdot import Microdot
-    from customers import customers_app
-    from orders import orders_app
-
-    def create_app():
-        app = Microdot()
-        app.mount(customers_app, url_prefix='/customers')
-        app.mount(orders_app, url_prefix='/orders')
-        return app
-
-    app = create_app()
-    app.run()
-
-The resulting application will have the customer endpoints available at
-*/customers/* and the order endpoints available at */orders/*.
-
-.. note::
-   Before-request, after-request and error handlers defined in the
-   sub-application are also copied over to the main application at mount time.
-   Once installed in the main application, these handlers will apply to the
-   whole application and not just the sub-application in which they were
-   created.
-
-Shutting Down the Server
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-Web servers are designed to run forever, and are often stopped by sending them
-an interrupt signal. But having a way to gracefully stop the server is
-sometimes useful, especially in testing environments. Microdot provides a
-:func:`shutdown() <microdot.Microdot.shutdown>` method that can be invoked
-during the handling of a route to gracefully shut down the server when that
-request completes. The next example shows how to use this feature::
-
-    @app.get('/shutdown')
-    async def shutdown(request):
-        request.app.shutdown()
-        return 'The server is shutting down...'
-
-The request that invokes the ``shutdown()`` method will complete, and then the
-server will not accept any new requests and stop once any remaining requests
-complete. At this point the ``app.run()`` call will return.
-
-The Request Object
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-The :class:`Request <microdot.Request>` object encapsulates all the information
-passed by the client. It is passed as an argument to route handlers, as well as
-to before-request, after-request and error handlers.
-
-Request Attributes
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-The request object provides access to the request attributes, including:
-
-- :attr:`method <microdot.Request.method>`: The HTTP method of the request.
-- :attr:`path <microdot.Request.path>`: The path of the request.
-- :attr:`args <microdot.Request.args>`: The query string parameters of the
-  request, as a :class:`MultiDict <microdot.MultiDict>` object.
-- :attr:`headers <microdot.Request.headers>`: The headers of the request, as a
-  dictionary.
-- :attr:`cookies <microdot.Request.cookies>`: The cookies that the client sent
-  with the request, as a dictionary.
-- :attr:`content_type <microdot.Request.content_type>`: The content type
-  specified by the client, or ``None`` if no content type was specified.
-- :attr:`content_length <microdot.Request.content_length>`: The content
-  length of the request, or 0 if no content length was specified.
-- :attr:`client_addr <microdot.Request.client_addr>`: The network address of
-  the client, as a tuple (host, port).
-- :attr:`app <microdot.Request.app>`: The application instance that created the
-  request.
-- :attr:`g <microdot.Request.g>`: The ``g`` object, where handlers can store
-  request-specific data to be shared among handlers. See :ref:`The "g" Object`
-  for details.
-
-JSON Payloads
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-When the client sends a request that contains JSON data in the body, the
-application can access the parsed JSON data using the
-:attr:`json <microdot.Request.json>` attribute. The following example shows how
-to use this attribute::
-
-    @app.post('/customers')
-    async def create_customer(request):
-        customer = request.json
-        # do something with customer
-        return {'success': True}
-
-.. note::
-   The client must set the ``Content-Type`` header to ``application/json`` for
-   the ``json`` attribute of the request object to be populated.
-
-URLEncoded Form Data
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-The request object also supports standard HTML form submissions through the
-:attr:`form <microdot.Request.form>` attribute, which presents the form data
-as a :class:`MultiDict <microdot.MultiDict>` object. Example::
-
-    @app.route('/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
-    async def index(req):
-        name = 'Unknown'
-        if req.method == 'POST':
-            name = req.form.get('name')
-        return f'Hello {name}'
-
-.. note::
-   Form submissions are only parsed when the ``Content-Type`` header is set by
-   the client to ``application/x-www-form-urlencoded``. Form submissions using
-   the ``multipart/form-data`` content type are currently not supported.
-
-Accessing the Raw Request Body
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-For cases in which neither JSON nor form data is expected, the
-:attr:`body <microdot.Request.body>` request attribute returns the entire body
-of the request as a byte sequence.
-
-If the expected body is too large to fit safely in memory, the application can
-use the :attr:`stream <microdot.Request.stream>` request attribute to read the
-body contents as a file-like object. The
-:attr:`max_body_length <microdot.Request.max_body_length>` attribute of the
-request object defines the size at which bodies are streamed instead of loaded
-into memory.
-
-Cookies
-^^^^^^^
-
-Cookies that are sent by the client are made available through the
-:attr:`cookies <microdot.Request.cookies>` attribute of the request object in
-dictionary form.
-
-The "g" Object
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-Sometimes applications need to store data during the lifetime of a request, so
-that it can be shared between the before- and after-request handlers, the
-route function and any error handlers. The request object provides the
-:attr:`g <microdot.Request.g>` attribute for that purpose.
-
-In the following example, a before request handler authorizes the client and
-stores the username so that the route function can use it::
-
-    @app.before_request
-    async def authorize(request):
-        username = authenticate_user(request)
-        if not username:
-            return 'Unauthorized', 401
-        request.g.username = username
-
-    @app.get('/')
-    async def index(request):
-        return f'Hello, {request.g.username}!'
-
-Request-Specific After-Request Handlers
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-Sometimes applications need to perform operations on the response object
-before it is sent to the client, for example to set or remove a cookie. A good
-option to use for this is to define a request-specific after-request handler
-using the :func:`after_request <microdot.Microdot.after_request>` decorator.
-Request-specific after-request handlers are called by Microdot after the route
-function returns and all the application-wide after-request handlers have been
-called.
-
-The next example shows how a cookie can be updated using a request-specific
-after-request handler defined inside a route function::
-
-    @app.post('/logout')
-    async def logout(request):
-        @request.after_request
-        def reset_session(request, response):
-            response.set_cookie('session', '', http_only=True)
-            return response
-
-        return 'Logged out'
-
-Request Limits
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-To help prevent malicious attacks, Microdot provides some configuration options
-to limit the amount of information that is accepted:
-
-- :attr:`max_content_length <microdot.Request.max_content_length>`: The
-  maximum size accepted for the request body, in bytes. When a client sends a
-  request that is larger than this, the server will respond with a 413 error.
-  The default is 16KB.
-- :attr:`max_body_length <microdot.Request.max_body_length>`: The maximum
-  size that is loaded in the :attr:`body <microdot.Request.body>` attribute, in
-  bytes. Requests that have a body that is larger than this size but smaller
-  than the size set for ``max_content_length`` can only be accessed through the
-  :attr:`stream <microdot.Request.stream>` attribute. The default is also 16KB.
-- :attr:`max_readline <microdot.Request.max_readline>`: The maximum allowed
-  size for a request line, in bytes. The default is 2KB.
-
-The following example configures the application to accept requests with
-payloads up to 1MB in size, but prevents requests that are larger than 8KB from
-being loaded into memory::
-
-    from microdot import Request
-
-    Request.max_content_length = 1024 * 1024
-    Request.max_body_length = 8 * 1024
-
-Responses
-~~~~~~~~~
-
-The value or values that are returned from the route function are used by
-Microdot to build the response that is sent to the client. The following
-sections describe the different types of responses that are supported.
-
-The Three Parts of a Response
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-Route functions can return one, two or three values. The first or only value is
-always returned to the client in the response body::
-
-    @app.get('/')
-    async def index(request):
-        return 'Hello, World!'
-
-In the above example, Microdot issues a standard 200 status code response, and
-inserts default headers.
-
-The application can provide its own status code as a second value returned from
-the route to override the 200 default. The example below returns a 202 status
-code::
-
-    @app.get('/')
-    async def index(request):
-        return 'Hello, World!', 202
-
-The application can also return a third value, a dictionary with additional
-headers that are added to, or replace the default ones included by Microdot.
-The next example returns an HTML response, instead of a default text response::
-
-    @app.get('/')
-    async def index(request):
-        return '<h1>Hello, World!</h1>', 202, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'}
-
-If the application needs to return custom headers, but does not need to change
-the default status code, then it can return two values, omitting the status
-code::
-
-    @app.get('/')
-    async def index(request):
-        return '<h1>Hello, World!</h1>', {'Content-Type': 'text/html'}
-
-The application can also return a :class:`Response <microdot.Response>` object
-containing all the details of the response as a single value.
-
-JSON Responses
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-If the application needs to return a response with JSON formatted data, it can
-return a dictionary or a list as the first value, and Microdot will
-automatically format the response as JSON.
-
-Example::
-
-    @app.get('/')
-    async def index(request):
-        return {'hello': 'world'}
-
-.. note::
-   A ``Content-Type`` header set to ``application/json`` is automatically added
-   to the response.
-
-Redirects
-^^^^^^^^^
-
-The :func:`redirect <microdot.Response.redirect>` function is a helper that
-creates redirect responses::
-
-    from microdot import redirect
-
-    @app.get('/')
-    async def index(request):
-        return redirect('/about')
-
-File Responses
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-The :func:`send_file <microdot.Response.send_file>` function builds a response
-object for a file::
-
-        from microdot import send_file
-
-        @app.get('/')
-        async def index(request):
-            return send_file('/static/index.html')
-
-A suggested caching duration can be returned to the client in the ``max_age``
-argument::
-
-        from microdot import send_file
-
-        @app.get('/')
-        async def image(request):
-            return send_file('/static/image.jpg', max_age=3600)  # in seconds
-
-.. note::
-   Unlike other web frameworks, Microdot does not automatically configure a
-   route to serve static files. The following is an example route that can be
-   added to the application to serve static files from a *static* directory in
-   the project::
-
-        @app.route('/static/<path:path>')
-        async def static(request, path):
-            if '..' in path:
-                # directory traversal is not allowed
-                return 'Not found', 404
-            return send_file('static/' + path, max_age=86400)
-
-Streaming Responses
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-Instead of providing a response as a single value, an application can opt to
-return a response that is generated in chunks, by returning a Python generator.
-The example below returns all the numbers in the fibonacci sequence below 100::
-
-    @app.get('/fibonacci')
-    async def fibonacci(request):
-        async def generate_fibonacci():
-            a, b = 0, 1
-            while a < 100:
-                yield str(a) + '\n'
-                a, b = b, a + b
-
-        return generate_fibonacci()
-
-.. note::
-   Under CPython, the generator function can be a ``def`` or ``async def``
-   function, as well as a class-based generator.
-
-   Under MicroPython, asynchronous generator functions are not supported, so
-   only ``def`` generator functions can be used. Asynchronous class-based
-   generators are supported.
-
-Changing the Default Response Content Type
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-Microdot uses a ``text/plain`` content type by default for responses that do
-not explicitly include the ``Content-Type`` header. The application can change
-this default by setting the desired content type in the
-:attr:`default_content_type <microdot.Response.default_content_type>` attribute
-of the :class:`Response <microdot.Response>` class.
-
-The example that follows configures the application to use ``text/html`` as
-default content type::
-
-    from microdot import Response
-
-    Response.default_content_type = 'text/html'
-
-Setting Cookies
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-Many web applications rely on cookies to maintain client state between
-requests. Cookies can be set with the ``Set-Cookie`` header in the response,
-but since this is such a common practice, Microdot provides the
-:func:`set_cookie() <microdot.Response.set_cookie>` method in the response
-object to add a properly formatted cookie header to the response.
-
-Given that route functions do not normally work directly with the response
-object, the recommended way to set a cookie is to do it in a
-:ref:`request-specific after-request handler <Request-Specific After-Request Handlers>`.
-
-Example::
-
-    @app.get('/')
-    async def index(request):
-        @request.after_request
-        async def set_cookie(request, response):
-            response.set_cookie('name', 'value')
-            return response
-
-        return 'Hello, World!'
-
-Another option is to create a response object directly in the route function::
-
-    @app.get('/')
-    async def index(request):
-        response = Response('Hello, World!')
-        response.set_cookie('name', 'value')
-        return response
-
-.. note::
-   Standard cookies do not offer sufficient privacy and security controls, so
-   never store sensitive information in them unless you are adding additional
-   protection mechanisms such as encryption or cryptographic signing. The
-   :ref:`session <Maintaining Secure User Sessions>` extension implements signed
-   cookies that prevent tampering by malicious actors.
-
-Concurrency
-~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Microdot implements concurrency through the ``asyncio`` package. Applications
-must ensure their handlers do not block, as this will prevent other concurrent
-requests from being handled.
-
-When running under CPython, ``async def`` handler functions run as native 
-asyncio tasks, while ``def`` handler functions are executed in a
-`thread executor <https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.run_in_executor>`_
-to prevent them from blocking the asynchronous loop.
-
-Under MicroPython the situation is different. Most microcontroller boards
-implementing MicroPython do not have threading support or executors, so ``def``
-handler functions in this platform can only run in the main and only thread.
-These functions will block the asynchronous loop when they take too long to
-complete so ``async def`` handlers properly written to allow other handlers to
-run in parallel should be preferred.

docs/users-guide/concurrency.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+Concurrency
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Microdot implements concurrency through the ``asyncio`` package, which means
+that applications must be careful to prevent blocking in their handlers.
+
+"async def" handlers
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The recommendation for route handlers in Microdot is to use asynchronous
+functions, declared as ``async def``. Microdot executes these handler
+functions as native asynchronous tasks. The standard considerations for writing
+asynchronous code apply, and in particular blocking calls should be avoided to
+ensure the application runs smoothly and is always responsive.
+
+"def" handlers
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Microdot also supports the use of synchronous route handlers, declared as
+standard ``def`` functions. These handlers are handled differently under
+CPython and MicroPython.
+
+When running on CPython, Microdot executes synchronous handlers in a
+`thread executor <https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-eventloop.html#asyncio.loop.run_in_executor>`_,
+which uses a thread pool. The use of blocking or CPU intensive code in these
+handlers does not have such a negative effect on the application, because
+handlers do not run on the same thread as the asynchronous loop. On the other
+hand, the application will be affected by threading issues such as those caused
+by the Global Interpreter Lock.
+
+Under MicroPython the situation is different. Most microcontroller boards
+do not have or have very limited threading support, so Microdot executes
+synchronous handlers in the main and often only thread available. This means
+that these functions will block the asynchronous loop when they take too long
+to complete. The use of properly written asynchronous handlers should be
+preferred.

docs/users-guide/defining-routes.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+Defining Routes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+In Microdot, routes define the logic of the web application.
+
+The route decorator
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+The :func:`route() <microdot.Microdot.route>` decorator is used to associate an
+application URL with the function that handles it. The only required argument
+to the decorator is the path portion of the URL.
+
+The following example creates a route for the root URL of the application::
+
+    @app.route('/')
+    async def index(request):
+        return 'Hello, world!'
+
+When a client requests the root URL (for example, *http://localhost:5000/*),
+Microdot will call the ``index()`` function, passing it a
+:class:`Request <microdot.Request>` object. The return value of the function
+is the response that is sent to the client.
+
+Below is another example, this one with a route for a URL with two components
+in its path::
+
+    @app.route('/users/active')
+    async def active_users(request):
+        return 'Active users: Susan, Joe, and Bob'
+
+The complete URL that maps to this route is
+*http://localhost:5000/users/active*.
+
+An application can define multiple routes. Microdot uses the path portion of
+the URL to determine the correct route function to call for each incoming
+request.
+
+Choosing the HTTP Method
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+All the example routes shown above are associated with ``GET`` requests, which
+are the default. Applications often need to define routes for other HTTP
+methods, such as ``POST``, ``PUT``, ``PATCH`` and ``DELETE``. The ``route()``
+decorator takes a ``methods`` optional argument, in which the application can
+provide a list of HTTP methods that the route should be associated with on the
+given path.
+
+The following example defines a route that handles ``GET`` and ``POST``
+requests within the same function::
+
+    @app.route('/invoices', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
+    async def invoices(request):
+        if request.method == 'GET':
+            return 'get invoices'
+        elif request.method == 'POST':
+            return 'create an invoice'
+
+As an alternative to the example above, in which a single function is used to
+handle multiple HTTP methods, sometimes it may be desirable to write a separate
+function for each HTTP method. The above example can be implemented with two
+routes as follows::
+
+    @app.route('/invoices', methods=['GET'])
+    async def get_invoices(request):
+        return 'get invoices'
+
+    @app.route('/invoices', methods=['POST'])
+    async def create_invoice(request):
+        return 'create an invoice'
+
+Microdot provides the :func:`get() <microdot.Microdot.get>`,
+:func:`post() <microdot.Microdot.post>`, :func:`put() <microdot.Microdot.put>`,
+:func:`patch() <microdot.Microdot.patch>`, and
+:func:`delete() <microdot.Microdot.delete>` decorators as shortcuts for the
+corresponding HTTP methods. The two example routes above can be written more
+concisely with them::
+
+    @app.get('/invoices')
+    async def get_invoices(request):
+        return 'get invoices'
+
+    @app.post('/invoices')
+    async def create_invoice(request):
+        return 'create an invoice'
+
+Including Dynamic Components in the URL Path
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The examples shown above all use hardcoded URL paths. Microdot also supports
+the definition of routes that have dynamic components in the path. For example,
+the following route associates all URLs that have a path following the pattern
+*http://localhost:5000/users/<username>* with the ``get_user()`` function::
+
+    @app.get('/users/<username>')
+    async def get_user(request, username):
+        return 'User: ' + username
+
+As shown in the example, a path component that is enclosed in angle brackets
+is considered a placeholder. Microdot accepts any values for that portion of
+the URL path, and passes the value received to the function as an argument
+after the request object.
+
+Routes are not limited to a single dynamic component. The following route shows
+how multiple dynamic components can be included in the path::
+
+    @app.get('/users/<firstname>/<lastname>')
+    async def get_user(request, firstname, lastname):
+        return 'User: ' + firstname + ' ' + lastname
+
+Dynamic path components are considered to be strings by default. An explicit
+type can be specified as a prefix, separated from the dynamic component name by
+a colon. The following route has two dynamic components declared as an integer
+and a string respectively::
+
+    @app.get('/users/<int:id>/<string:username>')
+    async def get_user(request, id, username):
+        return 'User: ' + username + ' (' + str(id) + ')'
+
+If a dynamic path component is defined as an integer, the value passed to the
+route function is also an integer. If the client sends a value that is not an
+integer in the corresponding section of the URL path, then the URL will not
+match and the route will not be called.
+
+A special type ``path`` can be used to capture the remainder of the path as a
+single argument. The difference between an argument of type ``path`` and one of
+type ``string`` is that the latter stops capturing when a ``/`` appears in the
+URL::
+
+    @app.get('/tests/<path:path>')
+    async def get_test(request, path):
+        return 'Test: ' + path
+
+The ``re`` type allows the application to provide a custom regular expression
+for the dynamic component. The next example defines a route that only matches
+usernames that begin with an upper or lower case letter, followed by a sequence
+of letters or numbers::
+
+    @app.get('/users/<re:[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*:username>')
+    async def get_user(request, username):
+        return 'User: ' + username
+
+The ``re`` type returns the URL component as a string, which sometimes may not
+be the most convenient. To convert a path component to something more
+meaningful than a string, the application can register a custom URL component
+type and provide a parser function that performs the conversion. In the
+following example, a ``hex`` custom type is registered to automatically
+convert hex numbers given in the path to numbers::
+
+    from microdot import URLPattern
+
+    URLPattern.register_type('hex', parser=lambda value: int(value, 16))
+
+    @app.get('/users/<hex:user_id>')
+    async def get_user(request, user_id):
+        user = get_user_by_id(user_id)
+        # ...
+
+In addition to the parser, the custom URL component can include a pattern,
+given as a regular expression. When a pattern is provided, the URL component
+will only match if the regular expression matches the value passed in the URL.
+The ``hex`` example above can be expanded with a pattern as follows::
+
+    URLPattern.register_type('hex', pattern='[0-9a-fA-F]+',
+                             parser=lambda value: int(value, 16))
+
+In cases where a pattern isn't provided, or when the pattern is unable to
+filter out all invalid values, the parser function can return ``None`` to
+indicate a failed match. The next example shows how the parser for the ``hex``
+type can be expanded to do that::
+
+    def hex_parser(value):
+        try:
+            return int(value, 16)
+        except ValueError:
+            return None
+
+    URLPattern.register_type('hex', parser=hex_parser)
+
+.. note::
+   Dynamic path components are passed to route functions as keyword arguments,
+   so the names of the function arguments must match the names declared in the
+   path specification.
+
+Before and After Request Handlers
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+It is common for applications to need to perform one or more actions before a
+request is handled. Examples include authenticating and/or authorizing the
+client, opening a connection to a database, or checking if the requested
+resource can be obtained from a cache. The
+:func:`before_request() <microdot.Microdot.before_request>` decorator registers
+a function to be called before the request is dispatched to the route function.
+
+The following example registers a before-request handler that ensures that the
+client is authenticated before the request is handled::
+
+    @app.before_request
+    async def authenticate(request):
+        user = authorize(request)
+        if not user:
+            return 'Unauthorized', 401
+        request.g.user = user
+
+Before-request handlers receive the request object as an argument. If the
+function returns a value, Microdot sends it to the client as the response, and
+does not invoke the route function. This gives before-request handlers the
+power to intercept a request if necessary. The example above uses this
+technique to prevent an unauthorized user from accessing the requested
+route.
+
+After-request handlers registered with the
+:func:`after_request() <microdot.Microdot.after_request>` decorator are called
+after the route function returns a response. Their purpose is to perform any
+common closing or cleanup tasks. The next example shows a combination of
+before- and after-request handlers that print the time it takes for a request
+to be handled::
+
+    @app.before_request
+    async def start_timer(request):
+        request.g.start_time = time.time()
+
+    @app.after_request
+    async def end_timer(request, response):
+        duration = time.time() - request.g.start_time
+        print(f'Request took {duration:0.2f} seconds')
+
+After-request handlers receive the request and response objects as arguments,
+and they can return a modified response object to replace the original. If
+no value is returned from an after-request handler, then the original response
+object is used.
+
+The after-request handlers are only invoked for successful requests. The
+:func:`after_error_request() <microdot.Microdot.after_error_request>`
+decorator can be used to register a function that is called after an error
+occurs. The function receives the request and the error response and is
+expected to return an updated response object after performing any necessary
+cleanup.
+
+.. note::
+   The :ref:`request.g <The "g" Object>` object used in many of the above
+   examples is a special object that allows the before- and after-request
+   handlers, as well as the route function to share data during the life of the
+   request.
+
+Error Handlers
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+When an error occurs during the handling of a request, Microdot ensures that
+the client receives an appropriate error response. Some of the common errors
+automatically handled by Microdot are:
+
+- 400 for malformed requests.
+- 404 for URLs that are unknown.
+- 405 for URLs that are known, but not implemented for the requested HTTP
+  method.
+- 413 for requests that are larger than the allowed size.
+- 500 when the application raises an unhandled exception.
+
+While the above errors are fully complaint with the HTTP specification, the
+application might want to provide custom responses for them. The
+:func:`errorhandler() <microdot.Microdot.errorhandler>` decorator registers
+functions to respond to specific error codes. The following example shows a
+custom error handler for 404 errors::
+
+    @app.errorhandler(404)
+    async def not_found(request):
+        return {'error': 'resource not found'}, 404
+
+The ``errorhandler()`` decorator has a second form, in which it takes an
+exception class as an argument. Microdot will invoke the handler when an
+unhandled exception that is an instance of the given class is raised. The next
+example provides a custom response for division by zero errors::
+
+    @app.errorhandler(ZeroDivisionError)
+    async def division_by_zero(request, exception):
+        return {'error': 'division by zero'}, 500
+
+When the raised exception class does not have an error handler defined, but
+one or more of its parent classes do, Microdot makes an attempt to invoke the
+most specific handler.
+
+Mounting a Sub-Application
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Small Microdot applications can be written as a single source file, but this
+is not the best option for applications that pass a certain size. To make it
+simpler to write large applications, Microdot supports the concept of
+sub-applications that can be "mounted" on a larger application, possibly with
+a common URL prefix applied to all of its routes. For developers familiar with
+the Flask framework, this is a similar concept to Flask's blueprints.
+
+Consider, for example, a *customers.py* sub-application that implements
+operations on customers::
+
+    from microdot import Microdot
+
+    customers_app = Microdot()
+
+    @customers_app.get('/')
+    async def get_customers(request):
+        # return all customers
+
+    @customers_app.post('/')
+    async def new_customer(request):
+        # create a new customer
+
+Similar to the above, the *orders.py* sub-application implements operations on
+customer orders::
+
+    from microdot import Microdot
+
+    orders_app = Microdot()
+
+    @orders_app.get('/')
+    async def get_orders(request):
+        # return all orders
+
+    @orders_app.post('/')
+    async def new_order(request):
+        # create a new order
+
+Now the main application, which is stored in *main.py*, can import and mount
+the sub-applications to build the larger combined application::
+
+    from microdot import Microdot
+    from customers import customers_app
+    from orders import orders_app
+
+    def create_app():
+        app = Microdot()
+        app.mount(customers_app, url_prefix='/customers')
+        app.mount(orders_app, url_prefix='/orders')
+        return app
+
+    app = create_app()
+    app.run()
+
+The resulting application will have the customer endpoints available at
+*/customers/* and the order endpoints available at */orders/*.
+
+.. note::
+   During the handling of a request, the
+   :attr:`Request.url_prefix <microdot.Microdot.url_prefix>` attribute is
+   set to the URL prefix under which the sub-application was mounted, or an
+   empty string if the endpoint did not come from a sub-application or the
+   sub-application was mounted without a URL prefix. It is possible to issue a
+   redirect that is relative to the sub-application as follows::
+
+      return redirect(request.url_prefix + '/relative-url')
+
+When mounting an application as shown above, before-request, after-request and
+error handlers defined in the sub-application are copied over to the main
+application at mount time. Once installed in the main application, these
+handlers will apply to the whole application and not just the sub-application
+in which they were created.
+
+The :func:`mount() <microdot.Microdot.mount>` method has a ``local`` argument
+that defaults to ``False``. When this argument is set to ``True``, the
+before-request, after-request and error handlers defined in the sub-application
+will only apply to the sub-application.
+
+Shutting Down the Server
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Web servers are designed to run forever, and are often stopped by sending them
+an interrupt signal. But having a way to gracefully stop the server is
+sometimes useful, especially in testing environments. Microdot provides a
+:func:`shutdown() <microdot.Microdot.shutdown>` method that can be invoked
+during the handling of a route to gracefully shut down the server when that
+request completes. The next example shows how to use this feature::
+
+    @app.get('/shutdown')
+    async def shutdown(request):
+        request.app.shutdown()
+        return 'The server is shutting down...'
+
+The request that invokes the ``shutdown()`` method will complete, and then the
+server will not accept any new requests and stop once any remaining requests
+complete. At this point the ``app.run()`` call will return.

docs/users-guide/index.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+User's Guide
+------------
+
+This section describes the main features of Microdot.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   intro
+   defining-routes
+   request-object
+   responses
+   concurrency
+
+For detailed reference information, consult the :ref:`API Reference`.
+
+If you are familiar with releases of Microdot before 2.x, review the
+:ref:`Migration Guide <Migrating to Microdot 2.x from Older Releases>`.

docs/users-guide/intro.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+Introduction
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This section covers how to create and run a basic Microdot web application.
+
+A simple web server
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The following is an example of a simple web server::
+
+    from microdot import Microdot
+
+    app = Microdot()
+
+    @app.route('/')
+    async def index(request):
+        return 'Hello, world!'
+
+    app.run()
+
+The script imports the :class:`Microdot <microdot.Microdot>` class and creates
+an application instance from it.
+
+The application instance provides a :func:`route() <microdot.Microdot.route>`
+decorator, which is used to define one or more routes, as needed by the
+application.
+
+The ``route()`` decorator takes the path portion of the URL as an
+argument, and maps it to the decorated function, so that the function is called
+when the client requests the URL.
+
+When the function is called, it is passed a :class:`Request <microdot.Request>`
+object as an argument, which provides access to the information passed by the
+client. The value returned by the function is sent back to the client as the
+response.
+
+Microdot is an asynchronous framework that uses the ``asyncio`` package. Route
+handler functions can be defined as ``async def`` or ``def`` functions, but
+``async def`` functions are recommended for performance.
+
+The :func:`run() <microdot.Microdot.run>` method starts the application's web
+server on port 5000 by default, and creates its own asynchronous loop. This
+method blocks while it waits for connections from clients.
+
+For some applications it may be necessary to run the web server alongside other
+asynchronous tasks, on an already running loop. In that case, instead of
+``app.run()`` the web server can be started by invoking the
+:func:`start_server() <microdot.Microdot.start_server>` coroutine as shown in
+the following example::
+
+    import asyncio
+    from microdot import Microdot
+
+    app = Microdot()
+
+    @app.route('/')
+    async def index(request):
+        return 'Hello, world!'
+
+    async def main():
+        # start the server in a background task
+        server = asyncio.create_task(app.start_server())
+
+        # ... do other asynchronous work here ...
+
+        # cleanup before ending the application
+        await server
+
+    asyncio.run(main())
+
+Running with CPython
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. list-table::
+   :align: left
+
+   * - Required Microdot source files
+     - | `microdot.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/src/microdot/microdot.py>`_
+
+   * - Required external dependencies
+     - | None
+
+   * - Examples
+     - | `hello.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/hello/hello.py>`_
+
+When using CPython, you can start the web server by running the script that
+has the ``app.run()`` call at the bottom::
+
+    python main.py
+
+After starting the script, open a web browser and navigate to
+*http://localhost:5000/* to access the application at the default address for
+the Microdot web server. From other computers in the same network, use the IP
+address or hostname of the computer running the script instead of
+``localhost``.
+
+Running with MicroPython
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. list-table::
+   :align: left
+
+   * - Required Microdot source files
+     - | `microdot.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/src/microdot/microdot.py>`_
+
+   * - Required external dependencies
+     - | None
+
+   * - Examples
+     - | `hello.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/hello/hello.py>`_
+       | `gpio.py <https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microdot/blob/main/examples/gpio/gpio.py>`_
+
+When using MicroPython, you can upload a *main.py* file containing the web
+server code to your device, along with the required Microdot files, as defined
+in the :ref:`MicroPython Installation` section.
+
+MicroPython will automatically run *main.py* when the device is powered on, so
+the web server will automatically start. The application can be accessed on
+port 5000 at the device's IP address. As indicated above, the port can be
+changed by passing the ``port`` argument to the ``run()`` method.
+
+.. note::
+   Microdot does not configure the network interface of the device in which it
+   is running. If your device requires a network connection to be made in
+   advance, for example to a Wi-Fi access point, this must be configured before
+   the ``run()`` method is invoked.
+
+Web Server Configuration
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The :func:`run() <microdot.Microdot.run>` and
+:func:`start_server() <microdot.Microdot.start_server>` methods support a few
+arguments to configure the web server.
+
+- ``port``: The port number to listen on. Pass the desired port number in this
+  argument to use a port different than the default of 5000. For example::
+
+    app.run(port=6000)
+
+- ``host``: The IP address of the network interface to listen on. By default
+  the server listens on all available interfaces. To listen only on the local
+  loopback interface, pass ``'127.0.0.1'`` as value for this argument.
+- ``debug``: when set to ``True``, the server ouputs logging information to the
+  console. The default is ``False``.
+- ``ssl``: an ``SSLContext`` instance that configures the server to use TLS
+  encryption, or ``None`` to disable TLS use. The default is ``None``. The
+  following example demonstrates how to configure the server with an SSL
+  certificate stored in *cert.pem* and *key.pem* files::
+
+    import ssl
+
+    # ...
+
+    sslctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER)
+    sslctx.load_cert_chain('cert.pem', 'key.pem')
+    app.run(port=4443, debug=True, ssl=sslctx)
+
+.. note::
+   When using CPython, the certificate and key files must be given in PEM
+   format. When using MicroPython, these files must be given in DER format.

docs/users-guide/request-object.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+The Request Object
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The :class:`Request <microdot.Request>` object encapsulates all the information
+passed by the client. It is passed as an argument to route handlers, as well as
+to before-request, after-request and error handlers.
+
+Request Attributes
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The request object provides access to the request attributes, including:
+
+- :attr:`method <microdot.Request.method>`: The HTTP method of the request.
+- :attr:`path <microdot.Request.path>`: The path of the request.
+- :attr:`args <microdot.Request.args>`: The query string parameters of the
+  request, as a :class:`MultiDict <microdot.MultiDict>` object.
+- :attr:`headers <microdot.Request.headers>`: The headers of the request, as a
+  dictionary.
+- :attr:`cookies <microdot.Request.cookies>`: The cookies that the client sent
+  with the request, as a dictionary.
+- :attr:`content_type <microdot.Request.content_type>`: The content type
+  specified by the client, or ``None`` if no content type was specified.
+- :attr:`content_length <microdot.Request.content_length>`: The content
+  length of the request, or 0 if no content length was specified.
+- :attr:`json <microdot.Request.json>`: The parsed JSON data in the request
+  body. See :ref:`below <JSON Payloads>` for additional details.
+- :attr:`form <microdot.Request.form>`: The parsed form data in the request
+  body, as a dictionary. See :ref:`below <Form Data>` for additional details.
+- :attr:`files <microdot.Request.files>`: A dictionary with the file uploads
+  included in the request body. Note that file uploads are only supported when
+  the :ref:`Multipart Forms` extension is used.
+- :attr:`client_addr <microdot.Request.client_addr>`: The network address of
+  the client, as a tuple (host, port).
+- :attr:`app <microdot.Request.app>`: The application instance that created the
+  request.
+- :attr:`g <microdot.Request.g>`: The ``g`` object, where handlers can store
+  request-specific data to be shared among handlers. See :ref:`The "g" Object`
+  for details.
+
+JSON Payloads
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+When the client sends a request that contains JSON data in the body, the
+application can access the parsed JSON data using the
+:attr:`json <microdot.Request.json>` attribute. The following example shows how
+to use this attribute::
+
+    @app.post('/customers')
+    async def create_customer(request):
+        customer = request.json
+        # do something with customer
+        return {'success': True}
+
+.. note::
+   The client must set the ``Content-Type`` header to ``application/json`` for
+   the ``json`` attribute of the request object to be populated.
+
+Form Data
+^^^^^^^^^
+
+The request object also supports standard HTML form submissions through the
+:attr:`form <microdot.Request.form>` attribute, which presents the form data
+as a :class:`MultiDict <microdot.MultiDict>` object. Example::
+
+    @app.route('/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
+    async def index(req):
+        name = 'Unknown'
+        if req.method == 'POST':
+            name = req.form.get('name')
+        return f'Hello {name}'
+
+.. note::
+   Form submissions automatically parsed when the ``Content-Type`` header is
+   set by the client to ``application/x-www-form-urlencoded``. For form
+   submissions that use the ``multipart/form-data`` content type the
+   :ref:`Multipart Forms` extension must be used.
+
+Accessing the Raw Request Body
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+For cases in which neither JSON nor form data is expected, the
+:attr:`body <microdot.Request.body>` request attribute returns the entire body
+of the request as a byte sequence.
+
+If the expected body is too large to fit safely in memory, the application can
+use the :attr:`stream <microdot.Request.stream>` request attribute to read the
+body contents as a file-like object. The
+:attr:`max_body_length <microdot.Request.max_body_length>` attribute of the
+request object defines the size at which bodies are streamed instead of loaded
+into memory.
+
+Cookies
+^^^^^^^
+
+Cookies that are sent by the client are made available through the
+:attr:`cookies <microdot.Request.cookies>` attribute of the request object in
+dictionary form.
+
+The "g" Object
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Sometimes applications need to store data during the lifetime of a request, so
+that it can be shared between the before- and after-request handlers, the
+route function and any error handlers. The request object provides the
+:attr:`g <microdot.Request.g>` attribute for that purpose.
+
+In the following example, a before request handler authorizes the client and
+stores the username so that the route function can use it::
+
+    @app.before_request
+    async def authorize(request):
+        username = authenticate_user(request)
+        if not username:
+            return 'Unauthorized', 401
+        request.g.username = username
+
+    @app.get('/')
+    async def index(request):
+        return f'Hello, {request.g.username}!'
+
+Request-Specific After-Request Handlers
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Sometimes applications need to perform operations on the response object
+before it is sent to the client, for example to set or remove a cookie. A good
+option to use for this is to define a request-specific after-request handler
+using the :func:`after_request <microdot.Microdot.after_request>` decorator.
+Request-specific after-request handlers are called by Microdot after the route
+function returns and all the application-wide after-request handlers have been
+called.
+
+The next example shows how a cookie can be updated using a request-specific
+after-request handler defined inside a route function::
+
+    @app.post('/logout')
+    async def logout(request):
+        @request.after_request
+        def reset_session(request, response):
+            response.set_cookie('session', '', http_only=True)
+            return response
+
+        return 'Logged out'
+
+Request Limits
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+To help prevent malicious attacks, Microdot provides some configuration options
+to limit the amount of information that is accepted:
+
+- :attr:`max_content_length <microdot.Request.max_content_length>`: The
+  maximum size accepted for the request body, in bytes. When a client sends a
+  request that is larger than this, the server will respond with a 413 error.
+  The default is 16KB.
+- :attr:`max_body_length <microdot.Request.max_body_length>`: The maximum
+  size that is loaded in the :attr:`body <microdot.Request.body>` attribute, in
+  bytes. Requests that have a body that is larger than this size but smaller
+  than the size set for ``max_content_length`` can only be accessed through the
+  :attr:`stream <microdot.Request.stream>` attribute. The default is also 16KB.
+- :attr:`max_readline <microdot.Request.max_readline>`: The maximum allowed
+  size for a request line, in bytes. The default is 2KB.
+
+The following example configures the application to accept requests with
+payloads up to 1MB in size, but prevents requests that are larger than 8KB from
+being loaded into memory::
+
+    from microdot import Request
+
+    Request.max_content_length = 1024 * 1024
+    Request.max_body_length = 8 * 1024

docs/users-guide/responses.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+Responses
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+The value or values that are returned from the route function are used by
+Microdot to build the response that is sent to the client. The following
+sections describe the different types of responses that are supported.
+
+The Three Parts of a Response
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Route functions can return one, two or three values. The first and most
+important value is the response body::
+
+    @app.get('/')
+    async def index(request):
+        return 'Hello, World!'
+
+In the above example, Microdot issues a standard 200 status code response
+indicating a successful request. The body of the response is the
+``'Hello, World!'`` string returned by the function. Microdot includes default
+headers with this response, including the ``Content-Type`` header set to
+``text/plain`` to indicate a response in plain text.
+
+The application can provide its own status code as a second value returned from
+the route to override the 200 default. The example below returns a 202 status
+code::
+
+    @app.get('/')
+    async def index(request):
+        return 'Hello, World!', 202
+
+The application can also return a third value, a dictionary with additional
+headers that are added to, or replace the default ones included by Microdot.
+The next example returns an HTML response, instead of the default plain text
+response::
+
+    @app.get('/')
+    async def index(request):
+        return '<h1>Hello, World!</h1>', 202, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'}
+
+If the application does not need to return a body, then it can omit it and
+have the status code as the first or only returned value::
+
+    @app.get('/')
+    async def index(request):
+        return 204
+
+Likewise, if the application needs to return a body and custom headers, but
+does not need to change the default status code, then it can return two values,
+omitting the status code::
+
+    @app.get('/')
+    async def index(request):
+        return '<h1>Hello, World!</h1>', {'Content-Type': 'text/html'}
+
+Lastly, the application can also return a :class:`Response <microdot.Response>`
+object containing all the details of the response as a single value.
+
+JSON Responses
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+If the application needs to return a response with JSON formatted data, it can
+return a dictionary or a list as the first value, and Microdot will
+automatically format the response as JSON.
+
+Example::
+
+    @app.get('/')
+    async def index(request):
+        return {'hello': 'world'}
+
+.. note::
+   A ``Content-Type`` header set to ``application/json`` is automatically added
+   to the response.
+
+Redirects
+^^^^^^^^^
+
+The :func:`redirect <microdot.Response.redirect>` function is a helper that
+creates redirect responses::
+
+    from microdot import redirect
+
+    @app.get('/')
+    async def index(request):
+        return redirect('/about')
+
+File Responses
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The :func:`send_file <microdot.Response.send_file>` function builds a response
+object for a file::
+
+        from microdot import send_file
+
+        @app.get('/')
+        async def index(request):
+            return send_file('/static/index.html')
+
+A suggested caching duration can be returned to the client in the ``max_age``
+argument::
+
+        from microdot import send_file
+
+        @app.get('/')
+        async def image(request):
+            return send_file('/static/image.jpg', max_age=3600)  # in seconds
+
+.. note::
+   Unlike other web frameworks, Microdot does not automatically configure a
+   route to serve static files. The following is an example route that can be
+   added to the application to serve static files from a *static* directory in
+   the project::
+
+        @app.route('/static/<path:path>')
+        async def static(request, path):
+            if '..' in path:
+                # directory traversal is not allowed
+                return 'Not found', 404
+            return send_file('static/' + path, max_age=86400)
+
+Streaming Responses
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Instead of providing a response as a single value, an application can opt to
+return a response that is generated in chunks, by returning a Python generator.
+The example below returns all the numbers in the fibonacci sequence below 100::
+
+    @app.get('/fibonacci')
+    async def fibonacci(request):
+        async def generate_fibonacci():
+            a, b = 0, 1
+            while a < 100:
+                yield str(a) + '\n'
+                a, b = b, a + b
+
+        return generate_fibonacci()
+
+.. note::
+   Under CPython, the generator function can be a ``def`` or ``async def``
+   function, as well as a class-based generator.
+
+   Under MicroPython, asynchronous generator functions are not supported, so
+   only ``def`` generator functions can be used. Asynchronous class-based
+   generators are supported.
+
+Changing the Default Response Content Type
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Microdot uses a ``text/plain`` content type by default for responses that do
+not explicitly include the ``Content-Type`` header. The application can change
+this default by setting the desired content type in the
+:attr:`default_content_type <microdot.Response.default_content_type>` attribute
+of the :class:`Response <microdot.Response>` class.
+
+The example that follows configures the application to use ``text/html`` as
+default content type::
+
+    from microdot import Response
+
+    Response.default_content_type = 'text/html'
+
+Setting Cookies
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Many web applications rely on cookies to maintain client state between
+requests. Cookies can be set with the ``Set-Cookie`` header in the response,
+but since this is such a common practice, Microdot provides the
+:func:`set_cookie() <microdot.Response.set_cookie>` method in the response
+object to add a properly formatted cookie header to the response.
+
+Given that route functions do not normally work directly with the response
+object, the recommended way to set a cookie is to do it in a
+:ref:`request-specific after-request handler <Request-Specific After-Request Handlers>`.
+
+Example::
+
+    @app.get('/')
+    async def index(request):
+        @request.after_request
+        async def set_cookie(request, response):
+            response.set_cookie('name', 'value')
+            return response
+
+        return 'Hello, World!'
+
+Another option is to create a response object directly in the route function::
+
+    @app.get('/')
+    async def index(request):
+        response = Response('Hello, World!')
+        response.set_cookie('name', 'value')
+        return response
+
+.. note::
+   Standard cookies do not offer sufficient privacy and security controls, so
+   never store sensitive information in them unless you are adding additional
+   protection mechanisms such as encryption or cryptographic signing. The
+   :ref:`session <Maintaining Secure User Sessions>` extension implements signed
+   cookies that prevent tampering by malicious actors.

examples/auth/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+This directory contains examples that demonstrate basic and token authentication.

examples/auth/basic_auth.py

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+from microdot import Microdot
+from microdot.auth import BasicAuth
+from pbkdf2 import generate_password_hash, check_password_hash
+
+
+# this example provides an implementation of the generate_password_hash and
+# check_password_hash functions that can be used in MicroPython. On CPython
+# there are many other options for password hashisng so there is no need to use
+# this custom solution.
+USERS = {
+    'susan': generate_password_hash('hello'),
+    'david': generate_password_hash('bye'),
+}
+app = Microdot()
+auth = BasicAuth()
+
+
+@auth.authenticate
+async def check_credentials(request, username, password):
+    if username in USERS and check_password_hash(USERS[username], password):
+        return username
+
+
+@app.route('/')
+@auth
+async def index(request):
+    return f'Hello, {request.g.current_user}!'
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    app.run(debug=True)

examples/auth/pbkdf2.py

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import os
+import hashlib
+
+# PBKDF2 secure password hashing algorithm obtained from:
+# https://codeandlife.com/2023/01/06/how-to-calculate-pbkdf2-hmac-sha256-with-
+# python,-example-code/
+
+
+def sha256(b):
+    return hashlib.sha256(b).digest()
+
+
+def ljust(b, n, f):
+    return b + f * (n - len(b))
+
+
+def gethmac(key, content):
+    okeypad = bytes(v ^ 0x5c for v in ljust(key, 64, b'\0'))
+    ikeypad = bytes(v ^ 0x36 for v in ljust(key, 64, b'\0'))
+    return sha256(okeypad + sha256(ikeypad + content))
+
+
+def pbkdf2(pwd, salt, iterations=1000):
+    U = salt + b'\x00\x00\x00\x01'
+    T = bytes(64)
+    for _ in range(iterations):
+        U = gethmac(pwd, U)
+        T = bytes(a ^ b for a, b in zip(U, T))
+    return T
+
+
+# The number of iterations may need to be adjusted depending on the hardware.
+# Lower numbers make the password hashing algorithm faster but less secure, so
+# the largest number that can be tolerated should be used.
+def generate_password_hash(password, salt=None, iterations=100000):
+    salt = salt or os.urandom(16)
+    dk = pbkdf2(password.encode(), salt, iterations)
+    return f'pbkdf2-hmac-sha256:{salt.hex()}:{iterations}:{dk.hex()}'
+
+
+def check_password_hash(password_hash, password):
+    algorithm, salt, iterations, dk = password_hash.split(':')
+    iterations = int(iterations)
+    if algorithm != 'pbkdf2-hmac-sha256':
+        return False
+    return pbkdf2(password.encode(), salt=bytes.fromhex(salt),
+                  iterations=iterations) == bytes.fromhex(dk)

examples/auth/token_auth.py

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from microdot import Microdot
+from microdot.auth import TokenAuth
+
+app = Microdot()
+auth = TokenAuth()
+
+TOKENS = {
+    'susan-token': 'susan',
+    'david-token': 'david',
+}
+
+
+@auth.authenticate
+async def check_token(request, token):
+    if token in TOKENS:
+        return TOKENS[token]
+
+
+@app.route('/')
+@auth
+async def index(request):
+    return f'Hello, {request.g.current_user}!'
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    app.run(debug=True)

examples/benchmark/requirements.txt

@@ -32,22 +32,22 @@ flask==3.0.0
     # via
     #   -r requirements.in
     #   quart
-gunicorn==22.0.0
+gunicorn==23.0.0
     # via -r requirements.in
-h11==0.14.0
+h11==0.16.0
     # via
     #   hypercorn
     #   uvicorn
     #   wsproto
-h2==4.1.0
+h2==4.3.0
     # via hypercorn
-hpack==4.0.0
+hpack==4.1.0
     # via h2
 humanize==4.9.0
     # via -r requirements.in
 hypercorn==0.15.0
     # via quart
-hyperframe==6.0.1
+hyperframe==6.1.0
     # via h2
 idna==3.7
     # via
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ itsdangerous==2.1.2
     # via
     #   flask
     #   quart
-jinja2==3.1.4
+jinja2==3.1.6
     # via
     #   flask
     #   quart
@@ -82,9 +82,9 @@ pydantic-core==2.14.5
     # via pydantic
 pyproject-hooks==1.0.0
     # via build
-quart==0.19.7
+quart==0.20.0
     # via -r requirements.in
-requests==2.32.0
+requests==2.32.4
     # via -r requirements.in
 sniffio==1.3.0
     # via anyio
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ typing-extensions==4.9.0
     #   fastapi
     #   pydantic
     #   pydantic-core
-urllib3==2.2.2
+urllib3==2.6.0
     # via requests
 uvicorn==0.24.0.post1
     # via -r requirements.in

examples/csrf/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# CSRF Example
+
+This is a small example that demonstrates how the CSRF protection in Microdot
+works.
+
+## Running the example
+
+Start by cloning the repostory or copying the two example files *app.py* and
+*evil.py* to your computer. The only dependency these examples need to run is `microdot`, so create a virtual environment and run:
+
+    pip install microdot
+
+You need two terminals. On the first one, run:
+
+    python app.py
+
+To see the application open *http://localhost:5000* on your web browser. The
+application allows you to make payments through a web form. Each payment that
+you make reduces the balance in your account. Type an amount in the form field and press the "Issue Payment" button to see how the balance decreases.
+
+Leave the application running. On the second terminal run:
+
+    python evil.py
+
+Open a second browser tab and navigate to *http://localhost:5001*. This 
+application simulates a malicious web site that tries to steal money from your
+account. It does this by sending a cross-site form submission to the above
+application.
+
+The application presents a form that fools you into thinking you can win some
+money. Clicking the button triggers the cross-site request to the form in the
+first application, with the payment amount set to $100.
+
+Because the application has CSRF protection enabled, the cross-site request
+fails.
+
+If you want to see how the attack can succeed, open *app.py* in your editor and
+comment out the line that creates the ``csrf`` object. Restart *app.py* in your
+first terminal, then go back to the second browser tab and click the
+"Win $100!" button again. You will now see that the form is submitted
+successfully and your balance in the first application is decremented by $100.

examples/csrf/app.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+from microdot import Microdot, redirect
+from microdot.cors import CORS
+from microdot.csrf import CSRF
+
+app = Microdot()
+cors = CORS(app, allowed_origins=['http://localhost:5000'])
+csrf = CSRF(app, cors)
+
+balance = 1000
+
+
+@app.route('/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
+def index(request):
+    global balance
+    if request.method == 'POST':
+        try:
+            balance -= float(request.form['amount'])
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        return redirect('/')
+
+    page = f'''<!doctype html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <title>CSRF Example</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>CSRF Example</h1>
+    <p>You have ${balance:.02f}</p>
+    <form method="POST" action="">
+      Pay $<input type="text" name="amount" size="10" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Issue Payment" />
+    </form>
+  </body>
+</html>'''
+    return page, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'}
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    app.run(debug=True)

examples/csrf/evil.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from microdot import Microdot
+
+app = Microdot()
+
+
+@app.route('/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
+def index(request):
+    page = '''<!doctype html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <title>CSRF Example</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Evil Site</h1>
+    <form method="POST" action="http://localhost:5000">
+      <input type="hidden" name="amount" value="100" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Win $100!" />
+    </form>
+  </body>
+</html>'''
+    return page, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'}
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    app.run(port=5001, debug=True)

examples/gpio/weather/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+# Microdot Weather Dashboard
+
+This example reports the temperature and humidity, both as a web application
+and as a JSON API.
+
+![Weather Dashboard Screenshot](screenshot.png)
+
+## Requirements
+
+- A microcontroller that supports MicroPython (e.g. ESP8266, ESP32, Raspberry
+  Pi Pico W, etc.)
+- A DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor
+- A breadboard and some jumper wires to create the circuit
+
+## Circuit
+
+Install the microconller and the DHT22 sensor on different parts of the
+breadboard. Make the following connections with jumper wires:
+
+- from a microcontroller power pin (3.3V or 5V) to the left pin of the DHT22
+  sensor. 
+- from a microcontroller `GND` pin to the right pin of the DHT22 sensor.
+- from any available microcontroller GPIO pin to the middle pin of the DHT22
+  sensor. If the DHT22 sensor has 4 pins instead of 3, use the one on the left,
+  next to the pin receiving power.
+
+The following diagram shows a possible wiring for this circuit using an ESP8266
+microcontroller and the 4-pin variant of the DHT22. In this diagram the data
+pin of the DHT22 sensor is connected to pin `D2` of the ESP8266, which is
+assigned to GPIO #4. Note that the location of the pins in the microcontroller
+board will vary depending on which microcontroller you use.
+
+![Circuit diagram](circuit.png)
+
+## Installation
+
+Edit *config.py* as follows:
+
+- Set the `DHT22_PIN` variable to the GPIO pin number connected to the sensor's
+  data pin. Make sure you consult the documentation for your microcontroller to
+  learn what number you should use for your chosen GPIO pin. In the example
+  diagram above, the value should be 4.
+- Enter your Wi-Fi SSID name and password in this file.
+
+Install MicroPython on your microcontroller board following instructions on the
+MicroPython website. Then use a tool such as
+[rshell](https://github.com/dhylands/rshell) to upload the following files to
+the board:
+
+- *main.py*
+- *config.py*
+- *index.html*
+- *microdot.py*
+
+You can find *microdot.py* in the *src/microdot* directory of this repository.
+
+If you are using a low end microcontroller such as the ESP8266, it is quite
+possible that the *microdot.py* file will fail to compile due to the
+MicroPython compiler needing more RAM than available in the device. In that
+case, you can install the `mpy-cross` Python package in your computer (same
+version as your MicroPython firmware) and precompile this file. The precompiled
+file will have the name *microdot.mpy*. Upload this file and remove
+*microdot.py* from the device.
+
+When the device is restarted after the files were uploaded, it will connect to
+Wi-Fi and then start a web server on port 8000. One way to find out which IP
+address was assigned to your device is to check your Wi-Fi's router
+administration panel. Another option is to connect to the MicroPython REPL with
+`rshell` or any other tool that you like, and then press Ctrl-D at the
+MicroPython prompt to soft boot the device. The IP address is printed to the
+terminal on startup.
+
+You should not upload other *.py* files that exist in this directory to your
+device. These files are used when running with emulated hardware.
+
+## Trying out the application
+
+Once the device is running the server, you can connect to it using a web
+browser. For example, if your device's Wi-Fi connection was assigned the IP
+address 192.168.0.145, type *http://192.168.0.45:8000/* in your browser's
+address bar. Note it is *http://* and not *https://*. This example does not use
+the TLS/SSL protocol.
+
+To test the JSON API, you can use `curl` or your favorite HTTP client. The API
+endpoint uses the */api* path, with the same URL as the main website. Here is
+an example using `curl`:
+
+```bash
+$ curl http://192.168.0.145:8000/api
+{"temperature": 21.6, "humidity": 58.9, "time": 1752444652}
+```
+
+The `temperature` value is given in degrees Celsius. The `humidity` value is
+given as a percentage. The `time` value is a UNIX timestamp.
+
+## Running in Emulation mode
+
+You can run this application on your computer, directly from this directory.
+When used in this way, the DHT22 hardware is emulated, and the temperature and
+humidity values are randomly generated.
+
+The only dependency that is needed for this application to run in emulation
+mode is `microdot`, so make sure that is installed, or else add a copy of the
+*microdot.py* from the *src/microdot* directory in this folder.

examples/gpio/weather/config.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+DHT22_PIN = 4  # GPIO pin for DHT22 sensor
+WIFI_ESSID = 'your_wifi_ssid'
+WIFI_PASSWORD = 'your_wifi_password'

examples/gpio/weather/dht.py

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+"""
+DO NOT UPLOAD THIS FILE TO YOUR MICROPYTHON DEVICE
+
+This module emulates MicroPython's DHT22 driver. It can be used when running
+on a system without the DHT22 hardware.
+
+The temperature and humidity values that are returned are random values.
+"""
+
+from random import random
+
+
+class DHT22:
+    def __init__(self, pin):
+        self.pin = pin
+
+    def measure(self):
+        pass
+
+    def temperature(self):
+        """Return a random temperature between 10 and 30 degrees Celsius."""
+        return random() * 20 + 10
+
+    def humidity(self):
+        """Return a random humidity between 30 and 70 percent."""
+        return random() * 40 + 30

examples/gpio/weather/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <title>Microdot Weather Dashboard</title>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/gauge.js/1.3.9/gauge.min.js" integrity="sha512-/gkYCBz4KVyJb3Shz6Z1kKu9Za5EdInNezzsm2O/DPvAYhCeIOounTzi7yuIF526z3rNZfIDxcx+rJAD07p8aA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
+    <style>
+      html, body {
+        height: 95%;
+        font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
+      }
+      #container {
+        position: relative;
+        top: 50%;
+        left: 50%;
+        transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
+      }
+      h1 {
+        font-size: 1.5em;
+      }
+      h1, p {
+        text-align: center;
+      }
+      table {
+        margin-left: auto;
+        margin-right: auto;
+      }
+      table h1 {
+        margin-top: 0;
+      }
+      table p {
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+      #temperature, #humidity {
+        width: 100%;
+        max-width: 400px;
+        aspect-ratio: 2;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="container">
+      <h1>Microdot Weather Dashboard</h1>
+      <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <canvas id="temperature" width="400" height="200"></canvas>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <canvas id="humidity" width="400" height="200"></canvas>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <p>Temperature</p>
+            <h1><span id="temperature-text">??</span>°C</h1>
+          </td>
+          <td>
+            <p>Humidity</p>
+            <h1><span id="humidity-text">??</span>%</h1>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td colspan="2">
+            <p><i>Last updated: <span id="time-text">...</span></i></p>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </table>
+    </div>
+    <script>
+      // create the temperature gauge
+      let temperatureGauge = new Gauge(document.getElementById('temperature')).setOptions({
+        angle: 0,
+        lineWidth: 0.3,
+        radiusScale: 1,
+        pointer: {
+          length: 0.6,
+          strokeWidth: 0.035,
+          color: '#000000',
+        },
+        limitMax: false,
+        limitMin: false,
+        highDpiSupport: true,
+        staticLabels: {
+          font: "14px sans-serif",
+          labels: [-30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50],
+          color: "#000000",
+          fractionDigits: 0,
+        },
+        staticZones: [
+          {strokeStyle: "#85a6e8", min: -30, max: 0},
+          {strokeStyle: "#a5dde8", min: 0, max: 10},
+          {strokeStyle: "#a5e8a6", min: 10, max: 20},
+          {strokeStyle: "#e8d8a5", min: 20, max: 30},
+          {strokeStyle: "#e8a8a5", min: 30, max: 50},
+        ],  
+        renderTicks: {
+          divisions: 8,
+          divWidth: 1.1,
+          divLength: 0.7,
+          divColor: '#333333',
+          subDivisions: 4,
+          subLength: 0.3,
+          subWidth: 0.6,
+          subColor: '#666666'
+        }
+      });
+      temperatureGauge.maxValue = 50;
+      temperatureGauge.setMinValue(-30);
+      temperatureGauge.animationSpeed = 36;
+      temperatureGauge.set(0);
+
+      let humidityGauge = new Gauge(document.getElementById('humidity')).setOptions({
+        angle: 0,
+        lineWidth: 0.3,
+        radiusScale: 1,
+        pointer: {
+          length: 0.6,
+          strokeWidth: 0.035,
+          color: '#000000',
+        },
+        limitMax: false,
+        limitMin: false,
+        highDpiSupport: true,
+        staticLabels: {
+          font: "14px sans-serif",
+          labels: [0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100],
+          color: "#000000",
+          fractionDigits: 0,
+        },
+        staticZones: [
+          {strokeStyle: "#85a6e8", min: 0, max: 40},
+          {strokeStyle: "#a5e8a6", min: 40, max: 70},
+          {strokeStyle: "#e8a8a5", min: 70, max: 100},
+        ],  
+        renderTicks: {
+          divisions: 10,
+          divWidth: 1.1,
+          divLength: 0.7,
+          divColor: '#333333',
+          subDivisions: 4,
+          subLength: 0.3,
+          subWidth: 0.6,
+          subColor: '#666666'
+        }
+      });
+      humidityGauge.maxValue = 100;
+      humidityGauge.setMinValue(0);
+      humidityGauge.animationSpeed = 36;
+      humidityGauge.set(0);
+
+      async function update() {
+        const response = await fetch('/api');
+        if (response.ok) {
+          const data = await response.json();
+          temperatureGauge.set(data.temperature);
+          humidityGauge.set(data.humidity);
+          document.getElementById('temperature-text').textContent = data.temperature;
+          document.getElementById('humidity-text').textContent = data.humidity;
+          document.getElementById('time-text').textContent = new Date(data.time * 1000).toLocaleString();
+        }
+        setTimeout(update, 60000); // refresh every minute
+      }
+      update();
+    </script>
+
+  </body>
+</html>

examples/gpio/weather/machine.py

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+"""
+DO NOT UPLOAD THIS FILE TO YOUR MICROPYTHON DEVICE
+
+This module emulates parts of MicroPython's `machine` module, to enable to run
+MicroPython applications on UNIX, Mac or Windows systems without dedicated
+hardware.
+"""
+
+
+class Pin:
+    def __init__(self, pin):
+        self.pin = pin

examples/gpio/weather/main.py

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+import asyncio
+import dht
+import gc
+import machine
+import network
+import socket
+import time
+
+import config
+from microdot import Microdot, send_file
+
+app = Microdot()
+current_temperature = None
+current_humidity = None
+current_time = None
+
+
+def wifi_connect():
+    """Connect to the configured Wi-Fi network.
+    Returns the IP address of the connected interface.
+    """
+    ap_if = network.WLAN(network.AP_IF)
+    ap_if.active(False)
+
+    sta_if = network.WLAN(network.STA_IF)
+    if not sta_if.isconnected():
+        print('connecting to network...')
+        sta_if.active(True)
+        sta_if.connect(config.WIFI_ESSID, config.WIFI_PASSWORD)
+        for i in range(20):
+            if sta_if.isconnected():
+                break
+            time.sleep(1)
+        if not sta_if.isconnected():
+            raise RuntimeError('Could not connect to network')
+    return sta_if.ifconfig()[0]
+
+
+def get_current_time():
+    """Return the current Unix time.
+    Note that because many microcontrollers do not have a clock, this function
+    makes a call to an NTP server to obtain the current time. A Wi-Fi
+    connection needs to be in place before calling this function.
+    """
+    s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+    s.settimeout(5)
+    s.sendto(b'\x1b' + 47 * b'\0',
+             socket.getaddrinfo('pool.ntp.org', 123)[0][4])
+    msg, _ = s.recvfrom(1024)
+    return ((msg[40] << 24) | (msg[41] << 16) | (msg[42] << 8) | msg[43]) - \
+        2208988800
+
+
+def get_current_weather():
+    """Read the temperature and humidity from the DHT22 sensor.
+    Returns them as a tuple. The returned temperature is in degrees Celcius.
+    The humidity is a 0-100 percentage.
+    """
+    d = dht.DHT22(machine.Pin(config.DHT22_PIN))
+    d.measure()
+    return d.temperature(), d.humidity()
+
+
+async def refresh_weather():
+    """Background task that updates the temperature and humidity.
+    This task is designed to run in the background. It connects to the DHT22
+    temperature and humidity sensor once per minute and stores the updated
+    readings in global variables.
+    """
+    global current_temperature
+    global current_humidity
+    global current_time
+
+    while True:
+        try:
+            t = get_current_time()
+            temp, hum = get_current_weather()
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            raise
+        except Exception as error:
+            print(f'Could not obtain weather, error: {error}')
+        else:
+            current_time = t
+            current_temperature = int(temp * 10) / 10
+            current_humidity = int(hum * 10) / 10
+        gc.collect()
+        await asyncio.sleep(60)
+
+
+@app.route('/')
+async def index(request):
+    return send_file('index.html')
+
+
+@app.route('/api')
+async def api(request):
+    return {
+        'temperature': current_temperature,
+        'humidity': current_humidity,
+        'time': current_time,
+    }
+
+
+async def start():
+    ip = wifi_connect()
+    print(f'Starting server at http://{ip}:8000...')
+    bgtask = asyncio.create_task(refresh_weather())
+    server = asyncio.create_task(app.start_server(port=8000))
+    await asyncio.gather(server, bgtask)
+
+
+asyncio.run(start())

examples/gpio/weather/network.py

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+"""
+DO NOT UPLOAD THIS FILE TO YOUR MICROPYTHON DEVICE
+
+This module emulates parts of MicroPython's `network` module, in particular
+those related to establishing a Wi-Fi connection. This enables to run
+MicroPython applications on UNIX, Mac or Windows systems without dedicated
+hardware.
+
+Note that no connections are attempted. The assumption is that the system is
+already connected. The "127.0.0.1" address is always returned.
+"""
+
+AP_IF = 1
+STA_IF = 2
+
+
+class WLAN:
+    def __init__(self, network):
+        self.network = network
+
+    def isconnected(self):
+        return True
+
+    def ifconfig(self):
+        return ('127.0.0.1', 'n/a', 'n/a', 'n/a')
+
+    def connect(self):
+        pass
+
+    def active(self, active=None):
+        pass

examples/login/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+This directory contains examples that demonstrate user logins.

examples/login/login.py

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+from microdot import Microdot, redirect
+from microdot.session import Session
+from microdot.login import Login
+from pbkdf2 import generate_password_hash, check_password_hash
+
+# this example provides an implementation of the generate_password_hash and
+# check_password_hash functions that can be used in MicroPython. On CPython
+# there are many other options for password hashisng so there is no need to use
+# this custom solution.
+
+
+class User:
+    def __init__(self, id, username, password):
+        self.id = id
+        self.username = username
+        self.password_hash = self.create_hash(password)
+
+    def create_hash(self, password):
+        return generate_password_hash(password)
+
+    def check_password(self, password):
+        return check_password_hash(self.password_hash, password)
+
+
+USERS = {
+    'user001': User('user001', 'susan', 'hello'),
+    'user002': User('user002', 'david', 'bye'),
+}
+
+app = Microdot()
+Session(app, secret_key='top-secret!')
+login = Login()
+
+
+@login.user_loader
+async def get_user(user_id):
+    return USERS.get(user_id)
+
+
+@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
+async def login_page(request):
+    if request.method == 'GET':
+        return '''
+            <!doctype html>
+            <html>
+              <body>
+                <h1>Please Login</h1>
+                <form method="POST">
+                  <p>
+                    Username<br>
+                    <input name="username" autofocus>
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                    Password:<br>
+                    <input name="password" type="password">
+                    <br>
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                    <input name="remember_me" type="checkbox"> Remember me
+                    <br>
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                    <button type="submit">Login</button>
+                  </p>
+                </form>
+              </body>
+            </html>
+        ''', {'Content-Type': 'text/html'}
+    username = request.form['username']
+    password = request.form['password']
+    remember_me = bool(request.form.get('remember_me'))
+
+    for user in USERS.values():
+        if user.username == username:
+            if user.check_password(password):
+                return await login.login_user(request, user,
+                                              remember=remember_me)
+    return redirect('/login')
+
+
+@app.route('/')
+@login
+async def index(request):
+    return f'''
+        <!doctype html>
+        <html>
+          <body>
+            <h1>Hello, {request.g.current_user.username}!</h1>
+            <p>
+              <a href="/fresh">Click here</a> to access the fresh login page.
+            </p>
+            <form method="POST" action="/logout">
+              <button type="submit">Logout</button>
+            </form>
+          </body>
+        </html>
+    ''', {'Content-Type': 'text/html'}
+
+
+@app.get('/fresh')
+@login.fresh
+async def fresh(request):
+    return f'''
+        <!doctype html>
+        <html>
+          <body>
+            <h1>Hello, {request.g.current_user.username}!</h1>
+            <p>This page requires a fresh login session.</p>
+            <p><a href="/">Go back</a> to the main page.</p>
+          </body>
+        </html>
+    ''', {'Content-Type': 'text/html'}
+
+
+@app.post('/logout')
+@login
+async def logout(request):
+    await login.logout_user(request)
+    return redirect('/')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    app.run(debug=True)

examples/login/pbkdf2.py

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import os
+import hashlib
+
+# PBKDF2 secure password hashing algorithm obtained from:
+# https://codeandlife.com/2023/01/06/how-to-calculate-pbkdf2-hmac-sha256-with-
+# python,-example-code/
+
+
+def sha256(b):
+    return hashlib.sha256(b).digest()
+
+
+def ljust(b, n, f):
+    return b + f * (n - len(b))
+
+
+def gethmac(key, content):
+    okeypad = bytes(v ^ 0x5c for v in ljust(key, 64, b'\0'))
+    ikeypad = bytes(v ^ 0x36 for v in ljust(key, 64, b'\0'))
+    return sha256(okeypad + sha256(ikeypad + content))
+
+
+def pbkdf2(pwd, salt, iterations=1000):
+    U = salt + b'\x00\x00\x00\x01'
+    T = bytes(64)
+    for _ in range(iterations):
+        U = gethmac(pwd, U)
+        T = bytes(a ^ b for a, b in zip(U, T))
+    return T
+
+
+# The number of iterations may need to be adjusted depending on the hardware.
+# Lower numbers make the password hashing algorithm faster but less secure, so
+# the largest number that can be tolerated should be used.
+def generate_password_hash(password, salt=None, iterations=100000):
+    salt = salt or os.urandom(16)
+    dk = pbkdf2(password.encode(), salt, iterations)
+    return f'pbkdf2-hmac-sha256:{salt.hex()}:{iterations}:{dk.hex()}'
+
+
+def check_password_hash(password_hash, password):
+    algorithm, salt, iterations, dk = password_hash.split(':')
+    iterations = int(iterations)
+    if algorithm != 'pbkdf2-hmac-sha256':
+        return False
+    return pbkdf2(password.encode(), salt=bytes.fromhex(salt),
+                  iterations=iterations) == bytes.fromhex(dk)

examples/sessions/login.py

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+# This is a simple example that demonstrates how to use the user session, but
+# is not intended as a complete login solution. See the login subdirectory for
+# a more complete example.
 from microdot import Microdot, Response, redirect
 from microdot.session import Session, with_session
 

examples/sse/counter.py

@@ -1,16 +1,28 @@
 import asyncio
-from microdot import Microdot
+from microdot import Microdot, send_file
 from microdot.sse import with_sse
 
 app = Microdot()
 
 
+@app.route("/")
+async def main(request):
+    return send_file('index.html')
+
+
 @app.route('/events')
 @with_sse
 async def events(request, sse):
-    for i in range(10):
-        await asyncio.sleep(1)
-        await sse.send({'counter': i})
+    print('Client connected')
+    try:
+        i = 0
+        while True:
+            await asyncio.sleep(1)
+            i += 1
+            await sse.send({'counter': i})
+    except asyncio.CancelledError:
+        pass
+    print('Client disconnected')
 
 
-app.run(debug=True)
+app.run()

examples/sse/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <title>Microdot SSE Example</title>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Microdot SSE Example</h1>
+    <div id="log"></div>
+    <script>
+      const log = (text, color) => {
+        document.getElementById('log').innerHTML += `<span style="color: ${color}">${text}</span><br>`;
+      };
+
+      const eventSource = new EventSource('/events');
+
+      eventSource.onopen = () => {
+        log('Connection to server opened.', 'black');
+      };
+
+      eventSource.onmessage = (event) => {
+        log(`Received message: ${event.data}`, 'blue');
+      };
+
+      eventSource.onerror = (event) => {
+        log(`EventSource failed: ${event.type}`, 'red');
+      };
+    </script>
+  </body>
+</html>

examples/subapps/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+This directory contains examples that demonstrate sub-applications.

examples/subapps/app.py

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from microdot import Microdot
+from subapp import subapp
+
+app = Microdot()
+app.mount(subapp, url_prefix='/subapp')
+
+
+@app.route('/')
+async def hello(request):
+    return '''
+        <!DOCTYPE html>
+        <html>
+            <head>
+                <title>Microdot Sub-App Example</title>
+                <meta charset="UTF-8">
+            </head>
+            <body>
+                <div>
+                    <h1>Microdot Main Page</h1>
+                    <p>Visit the <a href="/subapp">sub-app</a>.</p>
+                </div>
+            </body>
+        </html>
+    ''', 200, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'}
+
+
+app.run(debug=True)

examples/subapps/subapp.py

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+from microdot import Microdot
+
+subapp = Microdot()
+
+
+@subapp.route('')
+async def hello(request):
+    # request.url_prefix can be used in links that are relative to this subapp
+    return f'''
+        <!DOCTYPE html>
+        <html>
+            <head>
+                <title>Microdot Sub-App Example</title>
+                <meta charset="UTF-8">
+            </head>
+            <body>
+                <div>
+                    <h1>Microdot Sub-App Main Page</h1>
+                    <p>Visit the sub-app's <a href="{request.url_prefix}/second">secondary page</a>.</p>
+                    <p>Go back to the app's <a href="/">main page</a>.</p>
+                </div>
+            </body>
+        </html>
+    ''', 200, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'}  # noqa: E501
+
+
+@subapp.route('/second')
+async def second(request):
+    return f'''
+        <!DOCTYPE html>
+        <html>
+            <head>
+                <title>Microdot Sub-App Example</title>
+                <meta charset="UTF-8">
+            </head>
+            <body>
+                <div>
+                    <h1>Microdot Sub-App Secondary Page</h1>
+                    <p>Visit the sub-app's <a href="{request.url_prefix}">main page</a>.</p>
+                    <p>Go back to the app's <a href="/">main page</a>.</p>
+                </div>
+            </body>
+        </html>
+    ''', 200, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'}  # noqa: E501

examples/uploads/README.md

@@ -1 +1,4 @@
 This directory contains file upload examples.
+
+- `simple_uploads.py` demonstrates how to upload a single file.
+- `formdata.py` demonstrates how to process a form that includes file uploads.

examples/uploads/formdata.html

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <title>Microdot Multipart Form-Data Example</title>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Microdot Multipart Form-Data Example</h1>
+    <form method="POST" action="" enctype="multipart/form-data">
+      <p>Name: <input type="text" name="name" /></p>
+      <p>Age: <input type="text" name="age" /></p>
+      <p>Comments: <textarea name="comments" rows="4"></textarea></p>
+      <p>File: <input type="file" id="file" name="file" /></p>
+      <input type="submit" value="Submit" />
+    </form>
+  </body>
+</html>

examples/uploads/formdata.py

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from microdot import Microdot, send_file, Request
+from microdot.multipart import with_form_data
+
+app = Microdot()
+Request.max_content_length = 1024 * 1024  # 1MB (change as needed)
+
+
+@app.get('/')
+async def index(request):
+    return send_file('formdata.html')
+
+
+@app.post('/')
+@with_form_data
+async def upload(request):
+    print('Form fields:')
+    for field, value in request.form.items():
+        print(f'- {field}: {value}')
+    print('\nFile uploads:')
+    for field, value in request.files.items():
+        print(f'- {field}: {value.filename}, {await value.read()}')
+    return 'We have received your data!'
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    app.run(debug=True)

examples/uploads/simple_uploads.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Request.max_content_length = 1024 * 1024  # 1MB (change as needed)
 
 @app.get('/')
 async def index(request):
-    return send_file('index.html')
+    return send_file('simple_uploads.html')
 
 
 @app.post('/upload')

pyproject.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [project]
 name = "microdot"
-version = "2.0.8.dev0"
+version = "2.5.1"
 authors = [
     { name = "Miguel Grinberg", email = "miguel.grinberg@gmail.com" },
 ]
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ dev = [
 ]
 docs = [
     "sphinx",
+    "furo",
     "pyjwt",
 ]
 

src/microdot/__init__.py

@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 from microdot.microdot import Microdot, Request, Response, abort, redirect, \
-    send_file  # noqa: F401
+    send_file, URLPattern, AsyncBytesIO, iscoroutine  # noqa: F401
+
+__version__ = '2.5.1'

src/microdot/asgi.py

@@ -48,15 +48,47 @@ class Microdot(BaseMicrodot):
     """A subclass of the core :class:`Microdot <microdot.Microdot>` class that
     implements the ASGI protocol.
 
+    :param startup: An optional function to handle the `lifespan.startup` ASGI
+                    signal.
+    :param shutdown: An optional function to handle the `lifespan.shutdown`
+                     ASGI signal.
+
     This class must be used as the application instance when running under an
     ASGI web server.
     """
-    def __init__(self):
+    def __init__(self, lifespan_startup=None, lifespan_shutdown=None):
         super().__init__()
+        self.lifespan_startup = lifespan_startup
+        self.lifespan_shutdown = lifespan_shutdown
         self.embedded_server = False
 
+    async def handle_lifespan(self, scope, receive, send):
+        while True:
+            message = await receive()
+            if message['type'] == 'lifespan.startup':
+                try:
+                    if self.lifespan_startup:
+                        await self.lifespan_startup(scope)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    await send({'type': 'lifespan.startup.failed',
+                                'message': repr(e)})
+                else:
+                    await send({'type': 'lifespan.startup.complete'})
+            elif message['type'] == 'lifespan.shutdown':  # pragma: no branch
+                try:
+                    if self.lifespan_shutdown:
+                        await self.lifespan_shutdown(scope)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    await send({'type': 'lifespan.shutdown.failed',
+                                'message': repr(e)})
+                else:
+                    await send({'type': 'lifespan.shutdown.complete'})
+                break
+
     async def asgi_app(self, scope, receive, send):
         """An ASGI application."""
+        if scope['type'] == 'lifespan':
+            return await self.handle_lifespan(scope, receive, send)
         if scope['type'] not in ['http', 'websocket']:  # pragma: no cover
             return
         path = scope['path']
@@ -91,7 +123,8 @@ class Microdot(BaseMicrodot):
             headers,
             body=body,
             stream=stream,
-            sock=(receive, send))
+            sock=(receive, send),
+            scheme=scope.get('scheme'))
         req.asgi_scope = scope
 
         res = await self.dispatch_request(req)
@@ -127,19 +160,19 @@ class Microdot(BaseMicrodot):
         monitor_task = asyncio.ensure_future(cancel_monitor())
 
         body_iter = res.body_iter().__aiter__()
-        res_body = b''
         try:
-            res_body = await body_iter.__anext__()
             while not cancelled:  # pragma: no branch
-                next_body = await body_iter.__anext__()
+                res_body = await body_iter.__anext__()
+                if isinstance(res_body, str):
+                    res_body = res_body.encode()
                 await send({'type': 'http.response.body',
                             'body': res_body,
                             'more_body': True})
-                res_body = next_body
         except StopAsyncIteration:
-            await send({'type': 'http.response.body',
-                        'body': res_body,
-                        'more_body': False})
+            pass
+        await send({'type': 'http.response.body',
+                    'body': b'',
+                    'more_body': False})
         if hasattr(body_iter, 'aclose'):  # pragma: no branch
             await body_iter.aclose()
         cancelled = True

src/microdot/auth.py

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+from microdot import abort
+from microdot.microdot import invoke_handler
+
+
+class BaseAuth:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.auth_callback = None
+        self.error_callback = None
+
+    def __call__(self, f):
+        """Decorator to protect a route with authentication.
+
+        An instance of this class must be used as a decorator on the routes
+        that need to be protected. Example::
+
+           auth = BasicAuth()  # or TokenAuth()
+
+           @app.route('/protected')
+           @auth
+           def protected(request):
+               # ...
+
+        Routes that are decorated in this way will only be invoked if the
+        authentication callback returned a valid user object, otherwise the
+        error callback will be executed.
+        """
+        async def wrapper(request, *args, **kwargs):
+            auth = self._get_auth(request)
+            if not auth:
+                return await invoke_handler(self.error_callback, request)
+            request.g.current_user = await invoke_handler(
+                self.auth_callback, request, *auth)
+            if not request.g.current_user:
+                return await invoke_handler(self.error_callback, request)
+            return await invoke_handler(f, request, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    def optional(self, f):
+        """Decorator to protect a route with optional authentication.
+
+        This decorator makes authentication for the decorated route optional,
+        meaning that the route is allowed to run with or with
+        authentication given in the request.
+        """
+        async def wrapper(request, *args, **kwargs):
+            auth = self._get_auth(request)
+            if not auth:
+                request.g.current_user = None
+            else:
+                request.g.current_user = await invoke_handler(
+                    self.auth_callback, request, *auth)
+            return await invoke_handler(f, request, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+
+class BasicAuth(BaseAuth):
+    """Basic Authentication.
+
+    :param realm: The realm that is displayed when the user is prompted to
+                  authenticate in the browser.
+    :param charset: The charset that is used to encode the realm.
+    :param scheme: The authentication scheme. Defaults to 'Basic'.
+    :param error_status: The error status code to return when authentication
+                         fails. Defaults to 401.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, realm='Please login', charset='UTF-8', scheme='Basic',
+                 error_status=401):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.realm = realm
+        self.charset = charset
+        self.scheme = scheme
+        self.error_status = error_status
+        self.error_callback = self.authentication_error
+
+    def _get_auth(self, request):
+        auth = request.headers.get('Authorization')
+        if auth and auth.startswith('Basic '):
+            import binascii
+            try:
+                username, password = binascii.a2b_base64(
+                    auth[6:]).decode().split(':', 1)
+            except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
+                return None
+            return username, password
+
+    async def authentication_error(self, request):
+        return '', self.error_status, {
+            'WWW-Authenticate': '{} realm="{}", charset="{}"'.format(
+                self.scheme, self.realm, self.charset)}
+
+    def authenticate(self, f):
+        """Decorator to configure the authentication callback.
+
+        This decorator must be used with a function that accepts the request
+        object, a username and a password and returns a user object if the
+        credentials are valid, or ``None`` if they are not. Example::
+
+           @auth.authenticate
+           async def check_credentials(request, username, password):
+               user = get_user(username)
+               if user and user.check_password(password):
+                   return get_user(username)
+        """
+        self.auth_callback = f
+
+
+class TokenAuth(BaseAuth):
+    """Token based authentication.
+
+    :param header: The name of the header that will contain the token. Defaults
+                   to 'Authorization'.
+    :param scheme: The authentication scheme. Defaults to 'Bearer'.
+    :param error_status: The error status code to return when authentication
+                         fails. Defaults to 401.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, header='Authorization', scheme='Bearer',
+                 error_status=401):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.header = header
+        self.scheme = scheme.lower()
+        self.error_status = error_status
+        self.error_callback = self.authentication_error
+
+    def _get_auth(self, request):
+        auth = request.headers.get(self.header)
+        if auth:
+            if self.header == 'Authorization':
+                try:
+                    scheme, token = auth.split(' ', 1)
+                except Exception:
+                    return None
+                if scheme.lower() == self.scheme:
+                    return (token.strip(),)
+            else:
+                return (auth,)
+
+    def authenticate(self, f):
+        """Decorator to configure the authentication callback.
+
+        This decorator must be used with a function that accepts the request
+        object, a username and a password and returns a user object if the
+        credentials are valid, or ``None`` if they are not. Example::
+
+           @auth.authenticate
+           async def check_credentials(request, token):
+               return get_user(token)
+        """
+        self.auth_callback = f
+
+    def errorhandler(self, f):
+        """Decorator to configure the error callback.
+
+        Microdot calls the error callback to allow the application to generate
+        a custom error response. The default error response is to call
+        ``abort(401)``.
+        """
+        self.error_callback = f
+
+    async def authentication_error(self, request):
+        abort(self.error_status)

src/microdot/cors.py

@@ -104,7 +104,8 @@ class CORS:
 
     def after_request(self, request, response):
         saved_vary = response.headers.get('Vary')
-        response.headers.update(self.get_cors_headers(request))
+        if request:  # pragma: no branch
+            response.headers.update(self.get_cors_headers(request))
         if saved_vary and saved_vary != response.headers.get('Vary'):
             response.headers['Vary'] = (
                 saved_vary + ', ' + response.headers['Vary'])

src/microdot/csrf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+from microdot import abort
+
+
+class CSRF:
+    """CSRF protection for Microdot routes.
+
+    :param app: The application instance.
+    :param cors: The ``CORS`` instance that defines the origins that are
+                 trusted by the application. This is used to validate requests
+                 from older browsers that do not send the ``Sec-Fetch-Site``
+                 header.
+    :param protect_all: If ``True``, all state changing routes are protected by
+                        default, with the exception of routes that are
+                        decorated with the :meth:`exempt <exempt>` decorator.
+                        If ``False``, only routes decorated with the
+                        :meth:`protect <protect>` decorator are protected. The
+                        default is ``True``.
+    :param allow_subdomains: If ``True``, requests from subdomains of the
+                             application domain are trusted. The default is
+                             ``False``.
+
+    CSRF protection is implemented by checking the ``Sec-Fetch-Site`` sent by
+    browsers. When the ``cors`` argument is provided, requests from older
+    browsers that do not support the ``Sec-Fetch-Site`` header are validated
+    by checking the ``Origin`` header.
+    """
+    SAFE_METHODS = ['GET', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS']
+
+    def __init__(self, app=None, cors=None, protect_all=True,
+                 allow_subdomains=False):
+        self.cors = None
+        self.protect_all = protect_all
+        self.allow_subdomains = allow_subdomains
+        self.exempt_routes = []
+        self.protected_routes = []
+        if app is not None:
+            self.initialize(app, cors)
+
+    def initialize(self, app, cors=None):
+        """Initialize the CSRF class.
+
+        :param app: The application instance.
+        :param cors: The ``CORS`` instance that defines the origins that are
+                     trusted by the application. This is used to validate
+                     requests from older browsers that do not send the
+                     ``Sec-Fetch-Site`` header.
+        """
+        self.cors = cors
+
+        @app.before_request
+        async def csrf_before_request(request):
+            if (
+                self.protect_all
+                and request.method not in self.SAFE_METHODS
+                and request.route not in self.exempt_routes
+            ) or request.route in self.protected_routes:
+                allow = False
+                sfs = request.headers.get('Sec-Fetch-Site')
+                origin = request.headers.get('Origin')
+                if sfs:
+                    # if the Sec-Fetch-Site header was given, ensure it is not
+                    # cross-site
+                    if sfs in ['same-origin', 'none']:
+                        allow = True
+                    elif sfs == 'same-site' and self.allow_subdomains:
+                        allow = True
+                if not allow and origin and self.cors and \
+                        self.cors.allowed_origins != '*':
+                    # if we have a list of allowed origins, then we can
+                    # validate the origin
+                    if not self.allow_subdomains:
+                        allow = origin in self.cors.allowed_origins
+                    else:
+                        origin_scheme, origin_host = origin.split('://', 1)
+                        for allowed_origin in self.cors.allowed_origins:
+                            allowed_scheme, allowed_host = \
+                                allowed_origin.split('://', 1)
+                            if origin == allowed_origin or (
+                                origin_host.endswith('.' + allowed_host)
+                                and origin_scheme == allowed_scheme
+                            ):
+                                allow = True
+                                break
+                if not allow and not sfs and not origin:
+                    allow = True  # no headers to check
+
+                if not allow:
+                    abort(403, 'Forbidden')
+
+    def exempt(self, f):
+        """Decorator to exempt a route from CSRF protection.
+
+        This decorator must be added immediately after the route decorator to
+        disable CSRF protection on the route. Example::
+
+            @app.post('/submit')
+            @csrf.exempt
+            # add additional decorators here
+            def submit(request):
+                # ...
+        """
+        self.exempt_routes.append(f)
+        return f
+
+    def protect(self, f):
+        """Decorator to protect a route against CSRF attacks.
+
+        This is useful when it is necessary to protect a request that uses one
+        of the safe methods that are not supposed to make state changes. The
+        decorator must be added immediately after the route decorator to
+        disable CSRF protection on the route. Example::
+
+            @app.get('/data')
+            @csrf.force
+            # add additional decorators here
+            def get_data(request):
+                # ...
+        """
+        self.protected_routes.append(f)
+        return f

src/microdot/jinja.py

@@ -1,19 +1,27 @@
 from jinja2 import Environment, FileSystemLoader, select_autoescape
 
-_jinja_env = None
-
 
 class Template:
     """A template object.
 
     :param template: The filename of the template to render, relative to the
                      configured template directory.
+    :param kwargs: any additional options to be passed to the Jinja
+                   environment's ``get_template()`` method.
     """
+    #: The Jinja environment. The ``initialize()`` method must be called before
+    #: this attribute is accessed.
+    jinja_env = None
+
     @classmethod
     def initialize(cls, template_dir='templates', enable_async=False,
                    **kwargs):
         """Initialize the templating subsystem.
 
+        This method is automatically invoked when the first template is
+        created. The application can call it explicitly if custom options need
+        to be provided.
+
         :param template_dir: the directory where templates are stored. This
                              argument is optional. The default is to load
                              templates from a *templates* subdirectory.
@@ -23,20 +31,19 @@ class Template:
         :param kwargs: any additional options to be passed to Jinja's
                        ``Environment`` class.
         """
-        global _jinja_env
-        _jinja_env = Environment(
+        cls.jinja_env = Environment(
             loader=FileSystemLoader(template_dir),
             autoescape=select_autoescape(),
             enable_async=enable_async,
             **kwargs
         )
 
-    def __init__(self, template):
-        if _jinja_env is None:  # pragma: no cover
+    def __init__(self, template, **kwargs):
+        if self.jinja_env is None:  # pragma: no cover
             self.initialize()
-        #: The name of the template
+        #: The name of the template.
         self.name = template
-        self.template = _jinja_env.get_template(template)
+        self.template = self.jinja_env.get_template(template, **kwargs)
 
     def generate(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """Return a generator that renders the template in chunks, with the

src/microdot/login.py

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+from time import time
+from microdot import redirect
+from microdot.microdot import urlencode, invoke_handler
+
+
+class Login:
+    """User login support for Microdot.
+
+    :param login_url: the URL to redirect to when a login is required. The
+                      default is '/login'.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, login_url='/login'):
+        self.login_url = login_url
+        self.user_loader_callback = None
+
+    def user_loader(self, f):
+        """Decorator to configure the user callback.
+
+        The decorated function receives the user ID as an argument and must
+        return the corresponding user object, or ``None`` if the user ID is
+        invalid.
+        """
+        self.user_loader_callback = f
+
+    def _get_session(self, request):
+        return request.app._session.get(request)
+
+    def _update_remember_cookie(self, request, days, user_id=None):
+        remember_payload = request.app._session.encode({
+            'user_id': user_id,
+            'days': days,
+            'exp': time() + days * 24 * 60 * 60
+        })
+
+        @request.after_request
+        async def _set_remember_cookie(request, response):
+            response.set_cookie('_remember', remember_payload,
+                                max_age=days * 24 * 60 * 60)
+            return response
+
+    def _get_user_id_from_session(self, request):
+        session = self._get_session(request)
+        if session and '_user_id' in session:
+            return session['_user_id']
+        if '_remember' in request.cookies:
+            remember_payload = request.app._session.decode(
+                request.cookies['_remember'])
+            user_id = remember_payload.get('user_id')
+            if user_id:  # pragma: no branch
+                self._update_remember_cookie(
+                    request, remember_payload.get('_days', 30), user_id)
+                session['_user_id'] = user_id
+                session['_fresh'] = False
+                session.save()
+                return user_id
+
+    async def _redirect_to_login(self, request):
+        return '', 302, {'Location': self.login_url + '?next=' + urlencode(
+            request.url)}
+
+    async def login_user(self, request, user, remember=False,
+                         redirect_url='/'):
+        """Log a user in.
+
+        :param request: the request object
+        :param user: the user object
+        :param remember: if the user's logged in state should be remembered
+                         with a cookie after the session ends. Set to the
+                         number of days the remember cookie should last, or to
+                         ``True`` to use a default duration of 30 days.
+        :param redirect_url: the URL to redirect to after login
+
+        This call marks the user as logged in by storing their user ID in the
+        user session. The application must call this method to log a user in
+        after their credentials have been validated.
+
+        The method returns a redirect response, either to the URL the user
+        originally intended to visit, or if there is no original URL to the URL
+        specified by the `redirect_url`.
+        """
+        session = self._get_session(request)
+        session['_user_id'] = user.id
+        session['_fresh'] = True
+        session.save()
+        request.g.current_user = user
+
+        if remember:
+            days = 30 if remember is True else int(remember)
+            self._update_remember_cookie(request, days, session['_user_id'])
+
+        next_url = request.args.get('next', redirect_url)
+        if not next_url.startswith('/'):
+            next_url = redirect_url
+        return redirect(next_url)
+
+    async def logout_user(self, request):
+        """Log a user out.
+
+        :param request: the request object
+
+        This call removes information about the user's log in from the user
+        session. If a remember cookie exists, it is removed as well.
+        """
+        session = self._get_session(request)
+        session.pop('_user_id', None)
+        session.pop('_fresh', None)
+        session.save()
+        request.g.current_user = None
+        if '_remember' in request.cookies:
+            self._update_remember_cookie(request, 0)
+
+    async def get_current_user(self, request):
+        """Return the currently logged in user."""
+        if not hasattr(request.g, 'current_user'):
+            user_id = self._get_user_id_from_session(request)
+            if user_id:
+                request.g.current_user = await invoke_handler(
+                    self.user_loader_callback, user_id)
+            else:
+                request.g.current_user = None
+        return request.g.current_user
+
+    def __call__(self, f):
+        """Decorator to protect a route with authentication.
+
+        If the user is not logged in, Microdot will redirect to the login page
+        first. The decorated route will only run after successful login by the
+        user. If the user is already logged in, the route will run immediately.
+        Example::
+
+            login = Login()
+
+            @app.route('/secret')
+            @login
+            async def secret(request):
+                # only accessible to authenticated users
+
+        """
+        async def wrapper(request, *args, **kwargs):
+            user = await self.get_current_user(request)
+            if not user:
+                return await self._redirect_to_login(request)
+            return await invoke_handler(f, request, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    def fresh(self, f):
+        """Decorator to protect a route with "fresh" authentication.
+
+        This decorator prevents the route from running when the login session
+        is not fresh. A fresh session is a session that has been created from
+        direct user interaction with the login page, while a non-fresh session
+        occurs when a login is restored from a "remember me" cookie. Example::
+
+            login = Login()
+
+            @app.route('/secret')
+            @auth.fresh
+            async def secret(request):
+                # only accessible to authenticated users
+                # users logged in via remember me cookie will need to
+                # re-authenticate
+        """
+        base_wrapper = self.__call__(f)
+
+        async def wrapper(request, *args, **kwargs):
+            session = self._get_session(request)
+            if session.get('_fresh'):
+                return await base_wrapper(request, *args, **kwargs)
+            return await self._redirect_to_login(request)
+
+        return wrapper

src/microdot/microdot.py

@@ -7,9 +7,14 @@ servers for MicroPython and standard Python.
 """
 import asyncio
 import io
-import json
+import re
 import time
 
+try:
+    import orjson as json
+except ImportError:
+    import json
+
 try:
     from inspect import iscoroutinefunction, iscoroutine
     from functools import partial
@@ -56,23 +61,9 @@ MUTED_SOCKET_ERRORS = [
 ]
 
 
-def urldecode_str(s):
-    s = s.replace('+', ' ')
-    parts = s.split('%')
-    if len(parts) == 1:
-        return s
-    result = [parts[0]]
-    for item in parts[1:]:
-        if item == '':
-            result.append('%')
-        else:
-            code = item[:2]
-            result.append(chr(int(code, 16)))
-            result.append(item[2:])
-    return ''.join(result)
-
-
-def urldecode_bytes(s):
+def urldecode(s):
+    if isinstance(s, str):
+        s = s.encode()
     s = s.replace(b'+', b' ')
     parts = s.split(b'%')
     if len(parts) == 1:
@@ -329,15 +320,27 @@ class Request:
         pass
 
     def __init__(self, app, client_addr, method, url, http_version, headers,
-                 body=None, stream=None, sock=None):
+                 body=None, stream=None, sock=None, url_prefix='',
+                 subapp=None, scheme=None, route=None):
         #: The application instance to which this request belongs.
         self.app = app
         #: The address of the client, as a tuple (host, port).
         self.client_addr = client_addr
         #: The HTTP method of the request.
         self.method = method
-        #: The request URL, including the path and query string.
+        #: The scheme of the request, either `http` or `https`.
+        self.scheme = scheme or 'http'
+        #: The request URL, including the path and query string, but not the
+        #: scheme or the host, which is available in the ``Host`` header.
         self.url = url
+        #: The URL prefix, if the endpoint comes from a mounted
+        #: sub-application, or else ''.
+        self.url_prefix = url_prefix
+        #: The sub-application instance, or `None` if this isn't a mounted
+        #: endpoint.
+        self.subapp = subapp
+        #: The route function that handles this request.
+        self.route = route
         #: The path portion of the URL.
         self.path = url
         #: The query string portion of the URL.
@@ -368,8 +371,8 @@ class Request:
             self.content_type = self.headers['Content-Type']
         if 'Cookie' in self.headers:
             for cookie in self.headers['Cookie'].split(';'):
-                name, value = cookie.strip().split('=', 1)
-                self.cookies[name] = value
+                c = cookie.strip().split('=', 1)
+                self.cookies[c[0]] = c[1] if len(c) > 1 else ''
 
         self._body = body
         self.body_used = False
@@ -377,10 +380,12 @@ class Request:
         self.sock = sock
         self._json = None
         self._form = None
+        self._files = None
         self.after_request_handlers = []
 
     @staticmethod
-    async def create(app, client_reader, client_writer, client_addr):
+    async def create(app, client_reader, client_writer, client_addr,
+                     scheme=None):
         """Create a request object.
 
         :param app: The Microdot application instance.
@@ -389,6 +394,7 @@ class Request:
         :param client_writer: An output stream where the response data can be
                               written.
         :param client_addr: The address of the client, as a tuple.
+        :param scheme: The scheme of the request, either 'http' or 'https'.
 
         This method is a coroutine. It returns a newly created ``Request``
         object.
@@ -425,7 +431,7 @@ class Request:
 
         return Request(app, client_addr, method, url, http_version, headers,
                        body=body, stream=stream,
-                       sock=(client_reader, client_writer))
+                       sock=(client_reader, client_writer), scheme=scheme)
 
     def _parse_urlencoded(self, urlencoded):
         data = MultiDict()
@@ -433,12 +439,12 @@ class Request:
             if isinstance(urlencoded, str):
                 for kv in [pair.split('=', 1)
                            for pair in urlencoded.split('&') if pair]:
-                    data[urldecode_str(kv[0])] = urldecode_str(kv[1]) \
+                    data[urldecode(kv[0])] = urldecode(kv[1]) \
                         if len(kv) > 1 else ''
             elif isinstance(urlencoded, bytes):  # pragma: no branch
                 for kv in [pair.split(b'=', 1)
                            for pair in urlencoded.split(b'&') if pair]:
-                    data[urldecode_bytes(kv[0])] = urldecode_bytes(kv[1]) \
+                    data[urldecode(kv[0])] = urldecode(kv[1]) \
                         if len(kv) > 1 else b''
         return data
 
@@ -471,7 +477,13 @@ class Request:
     def form(self):
         """The parsed form submission body, as a
         :class:`MultiDict <microdot.MultiDict>` object, or ``None`` if the
-        request does not have a form submission."""
+        request does not have a form submission.
+
+        Forms that are URL encoded are processed by default. For multipart
+        forms to be processed, the
+        :func:`with_form_data <microdot.multipart.with_form_data>`
+        decorator must be added to the route.
+        """
         if self._form is None:
             if self.content_type is None:
                 return None
@@ -481,6 +493,17 @@ class Request:
             self._form = self._parse_urlencoded(self.body)
         return self._form
 
+    @property
+    def files(self):
+        """The files uploaded in the request as a dictionary, or ``None`` if
+        the request does not have any files.
+
+        The :func:`with_form_data <microdot.multipart.with_form_data>`
+        decorator must be added to the route that receives file uploads for
+        this property to be set.
+        """
+        return self._files
+
     def after_request(self, f):
         """Register a request-specific function to run after the request is
         handled. Request-specific after request handlers run at the very end,
@@ -538,6 +561,7 @@ class Response:
         'json': 'application/json',
         'png': 'image/png',
         'txt': 'text/plain',
+        'svg': 'image/svg+xml',
     }
 
     send_file_buffer_size = 1024
@@ -562,9 +586,9 @@ class Response:
         self.headers = NoCaseDict(headers or {})
         self.reason = reason
         if isinstance(body, (dict, list)):
-            self.body = json.dumps(body).encode()
+            body = json.dumps(body)
             self.headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json; charset=UTF-8'
-        elif isinstance(body, str):
+        if isinstance(body, str):
             self.body = body.encode()
         else:
             # this applies to bytes, file-like objects or generators
@@ -615,9 +639,13 @@ class Response:
         """Delete a cookie.
 
         :param cookie: The cookie's name.
-        :param kwargs: Any cookie opens and flags supported by
-                       ``set_cookie()`` except ``expires`` and ``max_age``.
+        :param kwargs: Any cookie options and flags supported by
+                       :meth:`set_cookie() <microdot.Response.set_cookie>`.
+                       Values given for ``expires`` and ``max_age`` are
+                       ignored.
         """
+        kwargs.pop('expires', None)
+        kwargs.pop('max_age', None)
         self.set_cookie(cookie, '', expires='Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT',
                         max_age=0, **kwargs)
 
@@ -746,7 +774,7 @@ class Response:
 
         :param filename: The filename of the file.
         :param status_code: The 3xx status code to use for the redirect. The
-                            default is 302.
+                            default is 200.
         :param content_type: The ``Content-Type`` header to use in the
                              response. If omitted, it is generated
                              automatically from the file extension of the
@@ -798,13 +826,54 @@ class Response:
 
 
 class URLPattern():
+    """A class that represents the URL pattern for a route.
+
+    :param url_pattern: The route URL pattern, which can include static and
+                        dynamic path segments. Dynamic segments are enclosed in
+                        ``<`` and ``>``. The type of the segment can be given
+                        as a prefix, separated from the name with a colon.
+                        Supported types are ``string`` (the default),
+                        ``int`` and ``path``. Custom types can be registered
+                        using the :meth:`URLPattern.register_type` method.
+    """
+
+    segment_patterns = {
+        'string': '/([^/]+)',
+        'int': '/(-?\\d+)',
+        'path': '/(.+)',
+    }
+    segment_parsers = {
+        'int': lambda value: int(value),
+    }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def register_type(cls, type_name, pattern='[^/]+', parser=None):
+        """Register a new URL segment type.
+
+        :param type_name: The name of the segment type to register.
+        :param pattern: The regular expression pattern to use when matching
+                        this segment type. If not given, a default matcher for
+                        a single path segment is used.
+        :param parser: A callable that will be used to parse and transform the
+                       value of the segment. If omitted, the value is returned
+                       as a string.
+        """
+        cls.segment_patterns[type_name] = '/({})'.format(pattern)
+        cls.segment_parsers[type_name] = parser
+
     def __init__(self, url_pattern):
         self.url_pattern = url_pattern
         self.segments = []
         self.regex = None
+
+    def compile(self):
+        """Generate a regular expression for the URL pattern.
+
+        This method is automatically invoked the first time the URL pattern is
+        matched against a path.
+        """
         pattern = ''
-        use_regex = False
-        for segment in url_pattern.lstrip('/').split('/'):
+        for segment in self.url_pattern.lstrip('/').split('/'):
             if segment and segment[0] == '<':
                 if segment[-1] != '>':
                     raise ValueError('invalid URL pattern')
@@ -815,81 +884,46 @@ class URLPattern():
                     type_ = 'string'
                     name = segment
                 parser = None
-                if type_ == 'string':
-                    parser = self._string_segment
-                    pattern += '/([^/]+)'
-                elif type_ == 'int':
-                    parser = self._int_segment
-                    pattern += '/(-?\\d+)'
-                elif type_ == 'path':
-                    use_regex = True
-                    pattern += '/(.+)'
-                elif type_.startswith('re:'):
-                    use_regex = True
+                if type_.startswith('re:'):
                     pattern += '/({pattern})'.format(pattern=type_[3:])
                 else:
-                    raise ValueError('invalid URL segment type')
+                    if type_ not in self.segment_patterns:
+                        raise ValueError('invalid URL segment type')
+                    pattern += self.segment_patterns[type_]
+                    parser = self.segment_parsers.get(type_)
                 self.segments.append({'parser': parser, 'name': name,
                                       'type': type_})
             else:
                 pattern += '/' + segment
-                self.segments.append({'parser': self._static_segment(segment)})
-        if use_regex:
-            import re
-            self.regex = re.compile('^' + pattern + '$')
+                self.segments.append({'parser': None})
+        self.regex = re.compile('^' + pattern + '$')
+        return self.regex
 
     def match(self, path):
+        """Match a path against the URL pattern.
+
+        Returns a dictionary with the values of all dynamic path segments if a
+        matche is found, or ``None`` if the path does not match this pattern.
+        """
         args = {}
-        if self.regex:
-            g = self.regex.match(path)
-            if not g:
-                return
-            i = 1
-            for segment in self.segments:
-                if 'name' not in segment:
-                    continue
-                value = g.group(i)
-                if segment['type'] == 'int':
-                    value = int(value)
-                args[segment['name']] = value
-                i += 1
-        else:
-            if len(path) == 0 or path[0] != '/':
-                return
-            path = path[1:]
-            args = {}
-            for segment in self.segments:
-                if path is None:
-                    return
-                arg, path = segment['parser'](path)
+        g = (self.regex or self.compile()).match(path)
+        if not g:
+            return
+        i = 1
+        for segment in self.segments:
+            if 'name' not in segment:
+                continue
+            arg = g.group(i)
+            if segment['parser']:
+                arg = self.segment_parsers[segment['type']](arg)
                 if arg is None:
                     return
-                if 'name' in segment:
-                    args[segment['name']] = arg
-            if path is not None:
-                return
+            args[segment['name']] = arg
+            i += 1
         return args
 
-    def _static_segment(self, segment):
-        def _static(value):
-            s = value.split('/', 1)
-            if s[0] == segment:
-                return '', s[1] if len(s) > 1 else None
-            return None, None
-        return _static
-
-    def _string_segment(self, value):
-        s = value.split('/', 1)
-        if len(s[0]) == 0:
-            return None, None
-        return s[0], s[1] if len(s) > 1 else None
-
-    def _int_segment(self, value):
-        s = value.split('/', 1)
-        try:
-            return int(s[0]), s[1] if len(s) > 1 else None
-        except ValueError:
-            return None, None
+    def __repr__(self):  # pragma: no cover
+        return 'URLPattern: {}'.format(self.url_pattern)
 
 
 class HTTPException(Exception):
@@ -921,8 +955,8 @@ class Microdot:
         self.after_request_handlers = []
         self.after_error_request_handlers = []
         self.error_handlers = {}
-        self.shutdown_requested = False
         self.options_handler = self.default_options_handler
+        self.ssl = False
         self.debug = False
         self.server = None
 
@@ -959,7 +993,7 @@ class Microdot:
         def decorated(f):
             self.url_map.append(
                 ([m.upper() for m in (methods or ['GET'])],
-                 URLPattern(url_pattern), f))
+                 URLPattern(url_pattern), f, '', None))
             return f
         return decorated
 
@@ -1127,24 +1161,33 @@ class Microdot:
             return f
         return decorated
 
-    def mount(self, subapp, url_prefix=''):
+    def mount(self, subapp, url_prefix='', local=False):
         """Mount a sub-application, optionally under the given URL prefix.
 
         :param subapp: The sub-application to mount.
         :param url_prefix: The URL prefix to mount the application under.
+        :param local: When set to ``True``, the before, after and error request
+                      handlers only apply to endpoints defined in the
+                      sub-application. When ``False``, they apply to the entire
+                      application. The default is ``False``.
         """
-        for methods, pattern, handler in subapp.url_map:
+        for methods, pattern, handler, _prefix, _subapp in subapp.url_map:
             self.url_map.append(
                 (methods, URLPattern(url_prefix + pattern.url_pattern),
-                 handler))
-        for handler in subapp.before_request_handlers:
-            self.before_request_handlers.append(handler)
-        for handler in subapp.after_request_handlers:
-            self.after_request_handlers.append(handler)
-        for handler in subapp.after_error_request_handlers:
-            self.after_error_request_handlers.append(handler)
-        for status_code, handler in subapp.error_handlers.items():
-            self.error_handlers[status_code] = handler
+                 handler, url_prefix + _prefix, _subapp or subapp))
+        if not local:
+            for handler in subapp.before_request_handlers:
+                self.before_request_handlers.append(handler)
+            subapp.before_request_handlers = []
+            for handler in subapp.after_request_handlers:
+                self.after_request_handlers.append(handler)
+            subapp.after_request_handlers = []
+            for handler in subapp.after_error_request_handlers:
+                self.after_error_request_handlers.append(handler)
+            subapp.after_error_request_handlers = []
+            for status_code, handler in subapp.error_handlers.items():
+                self.error_handlers[status_code] = handler
+            subapp.error_handlers = {}
 
     @staticmethod
     def abort(status_code, reason=None):
@@ -1207,6 +1250,7 @@ class Microdot:
 
             asyncio.run(main())
         """
+        self.ssl = ssl
         self.debug = debug
 
         async def serve(reader, writer):
@@ -1302,23 +1346,28 @@ class Microdot:
     def find_route(self, req):
         method = req.method.upper()
         if method == 'OPTIONS' and self.options_handler:
-            return self.options_handler(req)
+            return self.options_handler(req), '', None
         if method == 'HEAD':
             method = 'GET'
         f = 404
-        for route_methods, route_pattern, route_handler in self.url_map:
+        p = ''
+        s = None
+        for route_methods, route_pattern, route_handler, url_prefix, subapp \
+                in self.url_map:
             req.url_args = route_pattern.match(req.path)
             if req.url_args is not None:
+                p = url_prefix
+                s = subapp
                 if method in route_methods:
                     f = route_handler
                     break
                 else:
                     f = 405
-        return f
+        return f, p, s
 
     def default_options_handler(self, req):
         allow = []
-        for route_methods, route_pattern, route_handler in self.url_map:
+        for route_methods, route_pattern, _, _, _ in self.url_map:
             if route_pattern.match(req.path) is not None:
                 allow.extend(route_methods)
         if 'GET' in allow:
@@ -1331,13 +1380,18 @@ class Microdot:
         try:
             req = await Request.create(self, reader, writer,
                                        writer.get_extra_info('peername'))
+        except OSError as exc:  # pragma: no cover
+            if exc.errno in MUTED_SOCKET_ERRORS:
+                pass
+            else:
+                raise
         except Exception as exc:  # pragma: no cover
             print_exception(exc)
 
         res = await self.dispatch_request(req)
-        if res != Response.already_handled:  # pragma: no branch
-            await res.write(writer)
         try:
+            if res != Response.already_handled:  # pragma: no branch
+                await res.write(writer)
             await writer.aclose()
         except OSError as exc:  # pragma: no cover
             if exc.errno in MUTED_SOCKET_ERRORS:
@@ -1349,43 +1403,78 @@ class Microdot:
                 method=req.method, path=req.path,
                 status_code=res.status_code))
 
+    def get_request_handlers(self, req, attr, local_first=True):
+        handlers = getattr(self, attr + '_handlers')
+        local_handlers = getattr(req.subapp, attr + '_handlers') \
+            if req and req.subapp else []
+        return local_handlers + handlers if local_first \
+            else handlers + local_handlers
+
+    async def error_response(self, req, status_code, reason=None):
+        if req and req.subapp and status_code in req.subapp.error_handlers:
+            return await invoke_handler(
+                req.subapp.error_handlers[status_code], req)
+        elif status_code in self.error_handlers:
+            return await invoke_handler(self.error_handlers[status_code], req)
+        return reason or 'N/A', status_code
+
     async def dispatch_request(self, req):
         after_request_handled = False
         if req:
             if req.content_length > req.max_content_length:
-                if 413 in self.error_handlers:
-                    res = await invoke_handler(self.error_handlers[413], req)
-                else:
-                    res = 'Payload too large', 413
+                # the request body is larger than allowed
+                res = await self.error_response(req, 413, 'Payload too large')
             else:
-                f = self.find_route(req)
+                # find the route in the app's URL map
+                f, req.url_prefix, req.subapp = self.find_route(req)
+
                 try:
                     res = None
                     if callable(f):
-                        for handler in self.before_request_handlers:
+                        req.route = f
+
+                        # invoke the before request handlers
+                        for handler in self.get_request_handlers(
+                                req, 'before_request', False):
                             res = await invoke_handler(handler, req)
                             if res:
                                 break
+
+                        # invoke the endpoint handler
                         if res is None:
-                            res = await invoke_handler(
-                                f, req, **req.url_args)
+                            res = await invoke_handler(f, req, **req.url_args)
+
+                        # process the response
                         if isinstance(res, int):
+                            # an integer response is taken as a status code
+                            # with an empty body
                             res = '', res
                         if isinstance(res, tuple):
+                            # handle a tuple response
                             if isinstance(res[0], int):
+                                # a tuple that starts with an int has an empty
+                                # body
                                 res = ('', res[0],
                                        res[1] if len(res) > 1 else {})
                             body = res[0]
                             if isinstance(res[1], int):
+                                # extract the status code and headers (if
+                                # available)
                                 status_code = res[1]
                                 headers = res[2] if len(res) > 2 else {}
                             else:
+                                # if the status code is missing, assume 200
                                 status_code = 200
                                 headers = res[1]
                             res = Response(body, status_code, headers)
                         elif not isinstance(res, Response):
+                            # any other response types are wrapped in a
+                            # Response object
                             res = Response(res)
-                        for handler in self.after_request_handlers:
+
+                        # invoke the after request handlers
+                        for handler in self.get_request_handlers(
+                                req, 'after_request', True):
                             res = await invoke_handler(
                                 handler, req, res) or res
                         for handler in req.after_request_handlers:
@@ -1393,50 +1482,62 @@ class Microdot:
                                 handler, req, res) or res
                         after_request_handled = True
                     elif isinstance(f, dict):
+                        # the response from an OPTIONS request is a dict with
+                        # headers
                         res = Response(headers=f)
-                    elif f in self.error_handlers:
-                        res = await invoke_handler(self.error_handlers[f], req)
                     else:
-                        res = 'Not found', f
+                        # if the route is not found, return a 404 or 405
+                        # response as appropriate
+                        res = await self.error_response(req, f, 'Not found')
                 except HTTPException as exc:
-                    if exc.status_code in self.error_handlers:
-                        res = self.error_handlers[exc.status_code](req)
-                    else:
-                        res = exc.reason, exc.status_code
+                    # an HTTP exception was raised while handling this request
+                    res = await self.error_response(req, exc.status_code,
+                                                    exc.reason)
                 except Exception as exc:
+                    # an unexpected exception was raised while handling this
+                    # request
                     print_exception(exc)
-                    exc_class = None
+
+                    # invoke the error handler for the exception class if one
+                    # exists
+                    handler = None
                     res = None
-                    if exc.__class__ in self.error_handlers:
-                        exc_class = exc.__class__
+                    if req.subapp and exc.__class__ in \
+                            req.subapp.error_handlers:
+                        handler = req.subapp.error_handlers[exc.__class__]
+                    elif exc.__class__ in self.error_handlers:
+                        handler = self.error_handlers[exc.__class__]
                     else:
+                        # walk up the exception class hierarchy to try to find
+                        # a handler
                         for c in mro(exc.__class__)[1:]:
-                            if c in self.error_handlers:
-                                exc_class = c
+                            if req.subapp and c in req.subapp.error_handlers:
+                                handler = req.subapp.error_handlers[c]
                                 break
-                    if exc_class:
+                            elif c in self.error_handlers:
+                                handler = self.error_handlers[c]
+                                break
+                    if handler:
                         try:
-                            res = await invoke_handler(
-                                self.error_handlers[exc_class], req, exc)
+                            res = await invoke_handler(handler, req, exc)
                         except Exception as exc2:  # pragma: no cover
                             print_exception(exc2)
                     if res is None:
-                        if 500 in self.error_handlers:
-                            res = await invoke_handler(
-                                self.error_handlers[500], req)
-                        else:
-                            res = 'Internal server error', 500
+                        # if there is still no response, issue a 500 error
+                        res = await self.error_response(
+                            req, 500, 'Internal server error')
         else:
-            if 400 in self.error_handlers:
-                res = await invoke_handler(self.error_handlers[400], req)
-            else:
-                res = 'Bad request', 400
+            # if the request could not be parsed, issue a 400 error
+            res = await self.error_response(req, 400, 'Bad request')
         if isinstance(res, tuple):
             res = Response(*res)
         elif not isinstance(res, Response):
             res = Response(res)
         if not after_request_handled:
-            for handler in self.after_error_request_handlers:
+            # if the request did not finish due to an error, invoke the after
+            # error request handler
+            for handler in self.get_request_handlers(
+                    req, 'after_error_request', True):
                 res = await invoke_handler(
                     handler, req, res) or res
         res.is_head = (req and req.method == 'HEAD')

src/microdot/multipart.py

@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+import os
+from random import choice
+from microdot import abort, iscoroutine, AsyncBytesIO
+from microdot.helpers import wraps
+
+
+class FormDataIter:
+    """Asynchronous iterator that parses a ``multipart/form-data`` body and
+    returns form fields and files as they are parsed.
+
+    :param request: the request object to parse.
+
+    Example usage::
+
+        from microdot.multipart import FormDataIter
+
+        @app.post('/upload')
+        async def upload(request):
+            async for name, value in FormDataIter(request):
+                print(name, value)
+
+    The iterator returns no values when the request has a content type other
+    than ``multipart/form-data``. For a file field, the returned value is of
+    type :class:`FileUpload`, which supports the
+    :meth:`read() <FileUpload.read>` and :meth:`save() <FileUpload.save>`
+    methods. Values for regular fields are provided as strings.
+
+    The request body is read efficiently in chunks of size
+    :attr:`buffer_size <FormDataIter.buffer_size>`. On iterations in which a
+    file field is encountered, the file must be consumed before moving on to
+    the next iteration, as the internal stream stored in ``FileUpload``
+    instances is invalidated at the end of the iteration.
+    """
+    #: The size of the buffer used to read chunks of the request body. This
+    #: size must be large enough to hold at least one complete header or
+    #: boundary line, so it is not recommended to lower it, but it can be made
+    #: higher to improve performance at the expense of RAM.
+    buffer_size = 256
+
+    def __init__(self, request):
+        self.request = request
+        self.buffer = None
+        try:
+            mimetype, boundary = request.content_type.rsplit('; boundary=', 1)
+        except ValueError:
+            return  # not a multipart request
+        if mimetype.split(';', 1)[0] == \
+                'multipart/form-data':  # pragma: no branch
+            self.boundary = b'--' + boundary.encode()
+            self.extra_size = len(boundary) + 4
+            self.buffer = b''
+
+    def __aiter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    async def __anext__(self):
+        if self.buffer is None:
+            raise StopAsyncIteration
+
+        # make sure we have consumed the previous entry
+        while await self._read_buffer(self.buffer_size) != b'':
+            pass
+
+        # make sure we are at a boundary
+        await self._fill_buffer()
+        s = self.buffer.split(self.boundary, 1)
+        if len(s) != 2 or s[0] != b'':
+            abort(400)  # pragma: no cover
+        self.buffer = s[1]
+        if self.buffer[:2] == b'--':
+            # we have reached the end
+            raise StopAsyncIteration
+        elif self.buffer[:2] != b'\r\n':
+            abort(400)  # pragma: no cover
+        self.buffer = self.buffer[2:]
+
+        # parse the headers of this part
+        name = ''
+        filename = None
+        content_type = None
+        while True:
+            await self._fill_buffer()
+            lines = self.buffer.split(b'\r\n', 1)
+            if len(lines) != 2:
+                abort(400)  # pragma: no cover
+            line, self.buffer = lines
+            if line == b'':
+                # we reached the end of the headers
+                break
+            header, value = line.decode().split(':', 1)
+            header = header.lower()
+            value = value.strip()
+            if header == 'content-disposition':
+                parts = value.split(';')
+                if len(parts) < 2 or parts[0] != 'form-data':
+                    abort(400)  # pragma: no cover
+                for part in parts[1:]:
+                    part = part.strip()
+                    if part.startswith('name="'):
+                        name = part[6:-1]
+                    elif part.startswith('filename="'):  # pragma: no branch
+                        filename = part[10:-1]
+            elif header == 'content-type':  # pragma: no branch
+                content_type = value
+
+        if filename is None:
+            # this is a regular form field, so we read the value
+            value = b''
+            while True:
+                v = await self._read_buffer(self.buffer_size)
+                value += v
+                if len(v) < self.buffer_size:  # pragma: no branch
+                    break
+            return name, value.decode()
+        return name, FileUpload(filename, content_type, self._read_buffer)
+
+    async def _fill_buffer(self):
+        if self.buffer[-len(self.boundary) - 4:] == self.boundary + b'--\r\n':
+            # we have reached the end of the body
+            return
+        self.buffer += await self.request.stream.read(
+            self.buffer_size + self.extra_size - len(self.buffer))
+
+    async def _read_buffer(self, n=-1):
+        data = b''
+        while n == -1 or len(data) < n:
+            await self._fill_buffer()
+            s = self.buffer.split(self.boundary, 1)
+            data += s[0][:n] if n != -1 else s[0]
+            self.buffer = s[0][n:] if n != -1 else b''
+            if len(s) == 2:  # pragma: no branch
+                # the end of this part is in the buffer
+                if len(self.buffer) < 2:
+                    # we have read all the way to the end of this part
+                    data = data[:-(2 - len(self.buffer))]  # remove last "\r\n"
+                self.buffer += self.boundary + s[1]
+                return data
+        return data
+
+
+class FileUpload:
+    """Class that represents an uploaded file.
+
+    :param filename: the name of the uploaded file.
+    :param content_type: the content type of the uploaded file.
+    :param read: a coroutine that reads from the uploaded file's stream.
+
+    An uploaded file can be read from the stream using the :meth:`read()`
+    method or saved to a file using the :meth:`save()` method.
+
+    Instances of this class do not normally need to be created directly.
+    """
+    #: The size at which the file is copied to a temporary file.
+    max_memory_size = 1024
+
+    def __init__(self, filename, content_type, read):
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.content_type = content_type
+        self._read = read
+        self._close = None
+
+    async def read(self, n=-1):
+        """Read up to ``n`` bytes from the uploaded file's stream.
+
+        :param n: the maximum number of bytes to read. If ``n`` is -1 or not
+                  given, the entire file is read.
+        """
+        return await self._read(n)
+
+    async def save(self, path_or_file):
+        """Save the uploaded file to the given path or file object.
+
+        :param path_or_file: the path to save the file to, or a file object
+                             to which the file is to be written.
+
+        The file is read and written in chunks of size
+        :attr:`FormDataIter.buffer_size`.
+        """
+        if isinstance(path_or_file, str):
+            f = open(path_or_file, 'wb')
+        else:
+            f = path_or_file
+        while True:
+            data = await self.read(FormDataIter.buffer_size)
+            if not data:
+                break
+            f.write(data)
+        if f != path_or_file:
+            f.close()
+
+    async def copy(self, max_memory_size=None):
+        """Copy the uploaded file to a temporary file, to allow the parsing of
+        the multipart form to continue.
+
+        :param max_memory_size: the maximum size of the file to keep in memory.
+                                If not given, then the class attribute of the
+                                same name is used.
+        """
+        max_memory_size = max_memory_size or FileUpload.max_memory_size
+        buffer = await self.read(max_memory_size)
+        if len(buffer) < max_memory_size:
+            f = AsyncBytesIO(buffer)
+            self._read = f.read
+            return self
+
+        # create a temporary file
+        while True:
+            tmpname = "".join([
+                choice('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ')
+                for _ in range(12)
+            ])
+            try:
+                f = open(tmpname, 'x+b')
+            except OSError as e:  # pragma: no cover
+                if e.errno == 17:
+                    # EEXIST
+                    continue
+                elif e.errno == 2:
+                    # ENOENT
+                    # some MicroPython platforms do not support mode "x"
+                    f = open(tmpname, 'w+b')
+                    if f.read(1) != b'':
+                        f.close()
+                        continue
+                else:
+                    raise
+            break
+        f.write(buffer)
+        await self.save(f)
+        f.seek(0)
+
+        async def read(n=-1):
+            return f.read(n)
+
+        async def close():
+            f.close()
+            os.remove(tmpname)
+
+        self._read = read
+        self._close = close
+        return self
+
+    async def close(self):
+        """Close an open file.
+
+        This method must be called to free memory or temporary files created by
+        the ``copy()`` method.
+
+        Note that when using the ``@with_form_data`` decorator this method is
+        called automatically when the request ends.
+        """
+        if self._close:
+            await self._close()
+            self._close = None
+
+
+def with_form_data(f):
+    """Decorator that parses a ``multipart/form-data`` body and updates the
+    request object with the parsed form fields and files.
+
+    Example usage::
+
+        from microdot.multipart import with_form_data
+
+        @app.post('/upload')
+        @with_form_data
+        async def upload(request):
+            print('form fields:', request.form)
+            print('files:', request.files)
+
+    Note: this decorator calls the :meth:`FileUpload.copy()
+    <microdot.multipart.FileUpload.copy>` method on all uploaded files, so that
+    the request can be parsed in its entirety. The files are either copied to
+    memory or a temporary file, depending on their size. The temporary files
+    are automatically deleted when the request ends.
+    """
+    @wraps(f)
+    async def wrapper(request, *args, **kwargs):
+        form = {}
+        files = {}
+        async for name, value in FormDataIter(request):
+            if isinstance(value, FileUpload):
+                files[name] = await value.copy()
+            else:
+                form[name] = value
+        if form or files:
+            request._form = form
+            request._files = files
+        try:
+            ret = f(request, *args, **kwargs)
+            if iscoroutine(ret):
+                ret = await ret
+        finally:
+            if request.files:
+                for file in request.files.values():
+                    await file.close()
+        return ret
+    return wrapper

src/microdot/session.py

@@ -23,9 +23,13 @@ class SessionDict(dict):
 
 
 class Session:
-    """
+    """Session handling
+
     :param app: The application instance.
-    :param key: The secret key, as a string or bytes object.
+    :param secret_key: The secret key, as a string or bytes object.
+    :param cookie_options: A dictionary with cookie options to pass as
+                           arguments to :meth:`Response.set_cookie()
+                           <microdot.Response.set_cookie>`.
     """
     secret_key = None
 

src/microdot/sse.py

@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 import asyncio
-import json
 from microdot.helpers import wraps
 
+try:
+    import orjson as json
+except ImportError:
+    import json
+
 
 class SSE:
     """Server-Sent Events object.
@@ -13,7 +17,8 @@ class SSE:
         self.event = asyncio.Event()
         self.queue = []
 
-    async def send(self, data, event=None, event_id=None):
+    async def send(self, data, event=None, event_id=None, retry=None,
+                   comment=False):
         """Send an event to the client.
 
         :param data: the data to send. It can be given as a string, bytes, dict
@@ -23,18 +28,30 @@ class SSE:
                       given, it must be a string.
         :param event_id: an optional event id, to send along with the data. If
                       given, it must be a string.
+        :param retry: an optional reconnection time (in seconds) that the
+                      client should use when the connection is lost.
+        :param comment: when set to ``True``, the data is sent as a comment
+                        line, and all other parameters are ignored. This is
+                        useful as a heartbeat mechanism that keeps the
+                        connection alive.
         """
         if isinstance(data, (dict, list)):
-            data = json.dumps(data).encode()
-        elif isinstance(data, str):
+            data = json.dumps(data)
+        if isinstance(data, str):
             data = data.encode()
         elif not isinstance(data, bytes):
             data = str(data).encode()
-        data = b'data: ' + data + b'\n\n'
-        if event_id:
-            data = b'id: ' + event_id.encode() + b'\n' + data
-        if event:
-            data = b'event: ' + event.encode() + b'\n' + data
+        if comment:
+            data = b': ' + data + b'\n\n'
+        else:
+            data = b'data: ' + data + b'\n\n'
+            if event_id:
+                data = b'id: ' + event_id.encode() + b'\n' + data
+            if event:
+                data = b'event: ' + event.encode() + b'\n' + data
+            if retry:
+                data = b'retry: ' + str(int(retry * 1000)).encode() + b'\n' + \
+                    data
         self.queue.append(data)
         self.event.set()
 
@@ -57,7 +74,14 @@ def sse_response(request, event_function, *args, **kwargs):
     sse = SSE()
 
     async def sse_task_wrapper():
-        await event_function(request, sse, *args, **kwargs)
+        try:
+            await event_function(request, sse, *args, **kwargs)
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:  # pragma: no cover
+            pass
+        except Exception as exc:
+            # the SSE task raised an exception so we need to pass it to the
+            # main route so that it is re-raised there
+            sse.queue.append(exc)
         sse.event.set()
 
     task = asyncio.create_task(sse_task_wrapper())
@@ -75,7 +99,11 @@ def sse_response(request, event_function, *args, **kwargs):
                 except IndexError:
                     await sse.event.wait()
                     sse.event.clear()
-            if event is None:
+            if isinstance(event, Exception):
+                # if the event is an exception we re-raise it here so that it
+                # can be handled appropriately
+                raise event
+            elif event is None:
                 raise StopAsyncIteration
             return event
 

src/microdot/test_client.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import json
+import asyncio
 from microdot.microdot import Request, Response, AsyncBytesIO
 
 try:
@@ -6,6 +6,11 @@ try:
 except:  # pragma: no cover  # noqa: E722
     WebSocket = None
 
+try:
+    import orjson as json
+except ImportError:
+    import json
+
 __all__ = ['TestClient', 'TestResponse']
 
 
@@ -19,7 +24,7 @@ class TestResponse:
         #: explicitly sets it on the response object.
         self.reason = None
         #: A dictionary with the response headers.
-        self.headers = None
+        self.headers = {}
         #: The body of the response, as a bytes object.
         self.body = None
         #: The body of the response, decoded to a UTF-8 string. Set to
@@ -28,6 +33,11 @@ class TestResponse:
         #: The body of the JSON response, decoded to a dictionary or list. Set
         #: ``Note`` if the response does not have a JSON payload.
         self.json = None
+        #: The body of the SSE response, decoded to a list of events, each
+        #: given as a dictionary with a ``data`` key and optionally also
+        #: ``event`` and ``id`` keys. Set to ``None`` if the response does not
+        #: have an SSE payload.
+        self.events = None
 
     def _initialize_response(self, res):
         self.status_code = res.status_code
@@ -37,10 +47,13 @@ class TestResponse:
     async def _initialize_body(self, res):
         self.body = b''
         iter = res.body_iter()
-        async for body in iter:  # pragma: no branch
-            if isinstance(body, str):
-                body = body.encode()
-            self.body += body
+        try:
+            async for body in iter:  # pragma: no branch
+                if isinstance(body, str):
+                    body = body.encode()
+                self.body += body
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:  # pragma: no cover
+            pass
         if hasattr(iter, 'aclose'):  # pragma: no branch
             await iter.aclose()
 
@@ -56,6 +69,36 @@ class TestResponse:
             if content_type.split(';')[0] == 'application/json':
                 self.json = json.loads(self.text)
 
+    def _process_sse_body(self):
+        if 'Content-Type' in self.headers:  # pragma: no branch
+            content_type = self.headers['Content-Type']
+            if content_type.split(';')[0] == 'text/event-stream':
+                self.events = []
+                for sse_event in self.body.split(b'\n\n'):
+                    data = None
+                    event = None
+                    event_id = None
+                    retry = None
+                    for line in sse_event.split(b'\n'):
+                        if line.startswith(b'data:'):
+                            data = line[5:].strip()
+                        elif line.startswith(b'event:'):
+                            event = line[6:].strip().decode()
+                        elif line.startswith(b'id:'):
+                            event_id = line[3:].strip().decode()
+                        elif line.startswith(b'retry:'):
+                            retry = int(line[7:].strip()) / 1000
+                    if data:
+                        data_json = None
+                        try:
+                            data_json = json.loads(data)
+                        except ValueError:
+                            pass
+                        self.events.append({
+                            'data': data, 'data_json': data_json,
+                            'event': event, 'event_id': event_id,
+                            'retry': retry})
+
     @classmethod
     async def create(cls, res):
         test_res = cls()
@@ -64,6 +107,7 @@ class TestResponse:
             await test_res._initialize_body(res)
             test_res._process_text_body()
             test_res._process_json_body()
+            test_res._process_sse_body()
         return test_res
 
 
@@ -73,6 +117,8 @@ class TestClient:
     :param app: The Microdot application instance.
     :param cookies: A dictionary of cookies to use when sending requests to the
                     application.
+    :param scheme: The scheme to use for requests, either 'http' or 'https'.
+    :param host: The host to use for requests.
 
     The following example shows how to create a test client for an application
     and send a test request::
@@ -93,23 +139,23 @@ class TestClient:
     """
     __test__ = False  # remove this class from pytest's test collection
 
-    def __init__(self, app, cookies=None):
+    def __init__(self, app, cookies=None, scheme=None, host=None):
         self.app = app
         self.cookies = cookies or {}
+        self.scheme = scheme
+        self.host = host or 'example.com:1234'
 
     def _process_body(self, body, headers):
         if body is None:
             body = b''
         elif isinstance(body, (dict, list)):
-            body = json.dumps(body).encode()
+            body = json.dumps(body)
             if 'Content-Type' not in headers:  # pragma: no cover
                 headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json'
-        elif isinstance(body, str):
+        if isinstance(body, str):
             body = body.encode()
         if body and 'Content-Length' not in headers:
             headers['Content-Length'] = str(len(body))
-        if 'Host' not in headers:  # pragma: no branch
-            headers['Host'] = 'example.com:1234'
         return body, headers
 
     def _process_cookies(self, path, headers):
@@ -132,6 +178,8 @@ class TestClient:
     def _render_request(self, method, path, headers, body):
         request_bytes = '{method} {path} HTTP/1.0\n'.format(
             method=method, path=path)
+        if 'Host' not in headers:  # pragma: no branch
+            request_bytes += 'Host: {host}\n'.format(host=self.host)
         for header, value in headers.items():
             request_bytes += '{header}: {value}\n'.format(
                 header=header, value=value)
@@ -192,10 +240,10 @@ class TestClient:
             writer = AsyncBytesIO(b'')
 
         req = await Request.create(self.app, reader, writer,
-                                   ('127.0.0.1', 1234))
+                                   ('127.0.0.1', 1234), scheme=self.scheme)
         res = await self.app.dispatch_request(req)
         if res == Response.already_handled:
-            return None
+            return TestResponse()
         res.complete()
 
         self._update_cookies(res)

src/microdot/websocket.py

@@ -149,18 +149,18 @@ class WebSocket:
             raise WebSocketError('Websocket connection closed')
         fin, opcode, has_mask, length = self._parse_frame_header(header)
         if length == -2:
-            length = await self.request.sock[0].read(2)
+            length = await self.request.sock[0].readexactly(2)
             length = int.from_bytes(length, 'big')
         elif length == -8:
-            length = await self.request.sock[0].read(8)
+            length = await self.request.sock[0].readexactly(8)
             length = int.from_bytes(length, 'big')
         max_allowed_length = Request.max_body_length \
             if self.max_message_length == -1 else self.max_message_length
         if length > max_allowed_length:
             raise WebSocketError('Message too large')
         if has_mask:  # pragma: no cover
-            mask = await self.request.sock[0].read(4)
-        payload = await self.request.sock[0].read(length)
+            mask = await self.request.sock[0].readexactly(4)
+        payload = await self.request.sock[0].readexactly(length)
         if has_mask:  # pragma: no cover
             payload = bytes(x ^ mask[i % 4] for i, x in enumerate(payload))
         return opcode, payload

src/microdot/wsgi.py

@@ -96,7 +96,8 @@ class Microdot(BaseMicrodot):
             headers,
             body=body,
             stream=stream,
-            sock=sock)
+            sock=sock,
+            scheme=environ.get('wsgi.url_scheme'))
         req.environ = environ
 
         res = self.loop.run_until_complete(self.dispatch_request(req))

tests/__init__.py

@@ -4,8 +4,12 @@ from tests.test_request import *  # noqa: F401, F403
 from tests.test_response import *  # noqa: F401, F403
 from tests.test_urlencode import *  # noqa: F401, F403
 from tests.test_url_pattern import *  # noqa: F401, F403
+from tests.test_multipart import *  # noqa: F401, F403
 from tests.test_websocket import *  # noqa: F401, F403
 from tests.test_sse import *  # noqa: F401, F403
 from tests.test_cors import *  # noqa: F401, F403
 from tests.test_utemplate import *  # noqa: F401, F403
 from tests.test_session import *  # noqa: F401, F403
+from tests.test_auth import *  # noqa: F401, F403
+from tests.test_login import *  # noqa: F401, F403
+from tests.test_csrf import *  # noqa: F401, F403

tests/test_asgi.py

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class TestASGI(unittest.TestCase):
             class R:
                 def __init__(self):
                     self.i = 0
-                    self.body = [b're', b'sp', b'on', b'se', b'']
+                    self.body = [b're', b'sp', b'on', 'se', b'']
 
                 async def read(self, n):
                     data = self.body[self.i]
@@ -170,3 +170,103 @@ class TestASGI(unittest.TestCase):
             self._run(app(scope, receive, send))
 
         kill.assert_called()
+
+    def test_no_lifespan(self):
+        app = Microdot()
+
+        scope = {
+            'type': 'lifespan',
+            'asgi': {'version': '3.0'},
+            'state': {},
+        }
+
+        messages = [
+            {'type': 'lifespan.startup'},
+            {'type': 'lifespan.shutdown'},
+        ]
+        message_iter = iter(messages)
+        sends = []
+
+        async def receive():
+            return next(message_iter)
+
+        async def send(packet):
+            sends.append(packet)
+
+        self._run(app(scope, receive, send))
+        self.assertEqual(sends, [
+            {'type': 'lifespan.startup.complete'},
+            {'type': 'lifespan.shutdown.complete'},
+        ])
+
+    def test_lifespan(self):
+        async def startup(scope):
+            scope['state']['foo'] = 'bar'
+
+        async def shutdown(scope):
+            self.assertEqual(scope['state']['foo'], 'bar')
+            scope['state']['foo'] = 'baz'
+
+        app = Microdot(lifespan_startup=startup, lifespan_shutdown=shutdown)
+
+        scope = {
+            'type': 'lifespan',
+            'asgi': {'version': '3.0'},
+            'state': {},
+        }
+
+        messages = [
+            {'type': 'lifespan.startup'},
+            {'type': 'lifespan.shutdown'},
+        ]
+        message_iter = iter(messages)
+        sends = []
+
+        async def receive():
+            return next(message_iter)
+
+        async def send(packet):
+            sends.append(packet)
+
+        self._run(app(scope, receive, send))
+        self.assertEqual(scope['state']['foo'], 'baz')
+        self.assertEqual(sends, [
+            {'type': 'lifespan.startup.complete'},
+            {'type': 'lifespan.shutdown.complete'},
+        ])
+
+    def test_lifespan_errors(self):
+        async def startup(scope):
+            return scope['scope']['foo']  # KeyError
+
+        async def shutdown(scope):
+            return 1 / 0
+
+        app = Microdot(lifespan_startup=startup, lifespan_shutdown=shutdown)
+
+        scope = {
+            'type': 'lifespan',
+            'asgi': {'version': '3.0'},
+            'state': {},
+        }
+
+        messages = [
+            {'type': 'lifespan.startup'},
+            {'type': 'lifespan.shutdown'},
+        ]
+        message_iter = iter(messages)
+        sends = []
+
+        async def receive():
+            return next(message_iter)
+
+        async def send(packet):
+            sends.append(packet)
+
+        self._run(app(scope, receive, send))
+        self.assertEqual(sends, [
+            {'type': 'lifespan.startup.failed',
+             'message': "KeyError('scope')"},
+            {'type': 'lifespan.shutdown.failed',
+             'message': "ZeroDivisionError('division by zero')"},
+        ])

tests/test_auth.py

@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+import asyncio
+import binascii
+import unittest
+from microdot import Microdot
+from microdot.auth import BasicAuth, TokenAuth
+from microdot.test_client import TestClient
+
+
+class TestAuth(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        if hasattr(asyncio, 'set_event_loop'):
+            asyncio.set_event_loop(asyncio.new_event_loop())
+        cls.loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+
+    def _run(self, coro):
+        return self.loop.run_until_complete(coro)
+
+    def test_basic_auth(self):
+        app = Microdot()
+        basic_auth = BasicAuth()
+
+        @basic_auth.authenticate
+        def authenticate(request, username, password):
+            if username == 'foo' and password == 'bar':
+                return {'username': username}
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        @basic_auth
+        def index(request):
+            return request.g.current_user['username']
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 401)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/', headers={
+            'Authorization': 'Basic ' + binascii.b2a_base64(
+                b'foo:bar').decode()}))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'foo')
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/', headers={
+            'Authorization': 'Basic ' + binascii.b2a_base64(
+                b'foo:baz').decode()}))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 401)
+
+    def test_basic_optional_auth(self):
+        app = Microdot()
+        basic_auth = BasicAuth()
+
+        @basic_auth.authenticate
+        def authenticate(request, username, password):
+            if username == 'foo' and password == 'bar':
+                return {'username': username}
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        @basic_auth.optional
+        def index(request):
+            return request.g.current_user['username'] \
+                if request.g.current_user else ''
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, '')
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/', headers={
+            'Authorization': 'Basic ' + binascii.b2a_base64(
+                b'foo:bar').decode()}))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'foo')
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/', headers={
+            'Authorization': 'Basic ' + binascii.b2a_base64(
+                b'foo:baz').decode()}))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, '')
+
+    def test_token_auth(self):
+        app = Microdot()
+        token_auth = TokenAuth()
+
+        @token_auth.authenticate
+        def authenticate(request, token):
+            if token == 'foo':
+                return 'user'
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        @token_auth
+        def index(request):
+            return request.g.current_user
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 401)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/', headers={
+            'Authorization': 'Basic foo'}))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 401)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/', headers={'Authorization': 'invalid'}))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 401)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/', headers={
+            'Authorization': 'Bearer foo'}))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'user')
+
+    def test_token_optional_auth(self):
+        app = Microdot()
+        token_auth = TokenAuth()
+
+        @token_auth.authenticate
+        def authenticate(request, token):
+            if token == 'foo':
+                return 'user'
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        @token_auth.optional
+        def index(request):
+            return request.g.current_user or ''
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, '')
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/', headers={
+            'Authorization': 'Basic foo'}))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, '')
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/', headers={'Authorization': 'foo'}))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, '')
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/', headers={
+            'Authorization': 'Bearer foo'}))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'user')
+
+    def test_token_auth_custom_header(self):
+        app = Microdot()
+        token_auth = TokenAuth(header='X-Auth-Token')
+
+        @token_auth.authenticate
+        def authenticate(request, token):
+            if token == 'foo':
+                return 'user'
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        @token_auth
+        def index(request):
+            return request.g.current_user
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 401)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/', headers={
+            'Authorization': 'Basic foo'}))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 401)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/', headers={'Authorization': 'foo'}))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 401)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/', headers={
+            'Authorization': 'Bearer foo'}))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 401)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/', headers={
+            'X-Token-Auth': 'Bearer foo'}))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 401)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/', headers={'X-Auth-Token': 'foo'}))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'user')
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/', headers={'x-auth-token': 'foo'}))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'user')
+
+        @token_auth.errorhandler
+        def error_handler(request):
+            return {'status_code': 403}, 403
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 403)
+        self.assertEqual(res.json, {'status_code': 403})

tests/test_csrf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+import asyncio
+import unittest
+from microdot import Microdot
+from microdot.cors import CORS
+from microdot.csrf import CSRF
+from microdot.test_client import TestClient
+
+
+class TestCSRF(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        if hasattr(asyncio, 'set_event_loop'):
+            asyncio.set_event_loop(asyncio.new_event_loop())
+        cls.loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+
+    def _run(self, coro):
+        return self.loop.run_until_complete(coro)
+
+    def test_protect_all_true(self):
+        app = Microdot()
+        csrf = CSRF(app)
+
+        @app.get('/')
+        def index(request):
+            return 204
+
+        @app.post('/submit')
+        def submit(request):
+            return 204
+
+        @app.post('/submit-exempt')
+        @csrf.exempt
+        def submit_exempt(request):
+            return 204
+
+        @app.get('/get-protected')
+        @csrf.protect
+        def get_protected(request):
+            return 204
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.get(
+            '/', headers={'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'cross-site'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.get(
+            '/', headers={'Origin': 'https://evil.com'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+
+        res = self._run(client.post('/submit'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'cross-site'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 403)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'same-site'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 403)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'same-origin'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+
+        res = self._run(client.post('/submit-exempt'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit-exempt', headers={'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'cross-site'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.get('/get-protected'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.get(
+            '/get-protected', headers={'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'cross-site'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 403)
+
+    def test_protect_all_false(self):
+        app = Microdot()
+        csrf = CSRF(protect_all=False)
+        csrf.initialize(app)
+
+        @app.get('/')
+        def index(request):
+            return 204
+
+        @app.post('/submit')
+        @csrf.protect
+        def submit(request):
+            return 204
+
+        @app.post('/submit-exempt')
+        def submit_exempt(request):
+            return 204
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.get(
+            '/', headers={'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'cross-site'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.get(
+            '/', headers={'Origin': 'https://evil.com'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+
+        res = self._run(client.post('/submit'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'cross-site'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 403)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'same-site'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 403)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'same-origin'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+
+        res = self._run(client.post('/submit-exempt'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit-exempt', headers={'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'cross-site'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+
+    def test_allow_subdomains(self):
+        app = Microdot()
+        csrf = CSRF(allow_subdomains=True)
+        csrf.initialize(app)
+
+        @app.get('/')
+        def index(request):
+            return 204
+
+        @app.post('/submit')
+        def submit(request):
+            return 204
+
+        @app.post('/submit-exempt')
+        @csrf.exempt
+        def submit_exempt(request):
+            return 204
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.get(
+            '/', headers={'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'cross-site'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.get(
+            '/', headers={'Origin': 'https://evil.com'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+
+        res = self._run(client.post('/submit'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'cross-site'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 403)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'same-site'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'same-origin'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+
+        res = self._run(client.post('/submit-exempt'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit-exempt', headers={'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'cross-site'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+
+    def test_allowed_origins(self):
+        app = Microdot()
+        cors = CORS(allowed_origins=['http://foo.com', 'https://bar.com:8888'])
+        csrf = CSRF()
+        csrf.initialize(app, cors)
+
+        @app.get('/')
+        def index(request):
+            return 204
+
+        @app.post('/submit')
+        def submit(request):
+            return 204
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.get(
+            '/', headers={'Origin': 'http://foo.com'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.get(
+            '/', headers={'Origin': 'https://baz.com'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.get(
+            '/', headers={'Origin': 'http://x.baz.com'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+
+        res = self._run(client.post('/submit'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={'Origin': 'https://bar.com:8888'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={'Origin': 'http://bar.com:8888'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 403)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={
+                'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'cross-site',
+                'Origin': 'https://bar.com:8888',
+            },
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={
+                'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'cross-site',
+                'Origin': 'https://bar.com:8889',
+            },
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 403)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={
+                'Sec-Fetch-Site': 'cross-site',
+            },
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 403)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={'Origin': 'https://x.y.bar.com:8888'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 403)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={'Origin': 'http://baz.com'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 403)
+
+    def test_allowed_origins_with_subdomains(self):
+        app = Microdot()
+        cors = CORS(allowed_origins=['http://foo.com', 'https://bar.com:8888'])
+        csrf = CSRF(allow_subdomains=True)
+        csrf.initialize(app, cors)
+
+        @app.get('/')
+        def index(request):
+            return 204
+
+        @app.post('/submit')
+        def submit(request):
+            return 204
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.get(
+            '/', headers={'Origin': 'http://foo.com'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.get(
+            '/', headers={'Origin': 'https://baz.com'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.get(
+            '/', headers={'Origin': 'http://x.baz.com'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+
+        res = self._run(client.post('/submit'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={'Origin': 'https://bar.com:8888'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={'Origin': 'http://bar.com:8888'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 403)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={'Origin': 'https://x.y.bar.com:8888'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={'Origin': 'http://x.y.bar.com:8888'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 403)
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/submit', headers={'Origin': 'http://baz.com'}
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 403)

tests/test_login.py

@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+import asyncio
+import unittest
+from microdot import Microdot
+from microdot.login import Login
+from microdot.session import Session
+from microdot.test_client import TestClient
+
+
+class TestLogin(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        if hasattr(asyncio, 'set_event_loop'):
+            asyncio.set_event_loop(asyncio.new_event_loop())
+        cls.loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+
+    def _run(self, coro):
+        return self.loop.run_until_complete(coro)
+
+    def test_login(self):
+        app = Microdot()
+        Session(app, secret_key='secret')
+        login = Login()
+
+        class User:
+            def __init__(self, id, name):
+                self.id = id
+                self.name = name
+
+        @login.user_loader
+        def load_user(user_id):
+            return User(user_id, f'user{user_id}')
+
+        @app.get('/')
+        @login
+        async def index(request):
+            assert await login.get_current_user(request) == \
+                request.g.current_user
+            return request.g.current_user.name
+
+        @app.post('/login')
+        async def login_route(request):
+            return await login.login_user(request, User(123, 'user123'))
+
+        @app.post('/logout')
+        async def logout_route(request):
+            await login.logout_user(request)
+            return 'ok'
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+        res = self._run(client.get('/?foo=bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
+        self.assertEqual(res.headers['Location'], '/login?next=/%3Ffoo%3Dbar')
+
+        res = self._run(client.post('/login?next=/%3Ffoo=bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
+        self.assertEqual(res.headers['Location'], '/?foo=bar')
+        self.assertEqual(len(res.headers['Set-Cookie']), 1)
+        self.assertIn('session', client.cookies)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'user123')
+
+        res = self._run(client.post('/logout'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
+
+    def test_login_bad_user_id(self):
+        class User:
+            def __init__(self, id, name):
+                self.id = id
+                self.name = name
+
+        app = Microdot()
+        Session(app, secret_key='secret')
+        login = Login()
+
+        @login.user_loader
+        def load_user(user_id):
+            return None
+
+        @app.get('/foo')
+        @login
+        async def index(request):
+            return 'ok'
+
+        @app.post('/login')
+        async def login_route(request):
+            return await login.login_user(request, User(1, 'user'))
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+        res = self._run(client.post('/login?next=/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
+        self.assertEqual(res.headers['Location'], '/')
+        res = self._run(client.get('/foo'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
+        self.assertEqual(res.headers['Location'], '/login?next=/foo')
+
+    def test_login_bad_redirect(self):
+        class User:
+            def __init__(self, id, name):
+                self.id = id
+                self.name = name
+
+        app = Microdot()
+        Session(app, secret_key='secret')
+        login = Login()
+
+        @login.user_loader
+        def load_user(user_id):
+            return user_id
+
+        @app.get('/')
+        @login
+        async def index(request):
+            return 'ok'
+
+        @app.post('/login')
+        async def login_route(request):
+            return await login.login_user(request, User(1, 'user'))
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+        res = self._run(client.post('/login?next=http://example.com'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
+        self.assertEqual(res.headers['Location'], '/')
+
+    def test_login_remember(self):
+        class User:
+            def __init__(self, id, name):
+                self.id = id
+                self.name = name
+
+        app = Microdot()
+        Session(app, secret_key='secret')
+        login = Login()
+
+        @login.user_loader
+        def load_user(user_id):
+            return User(user_id, f'user{user_id}')
+
+        @app.get('/')
+        @login
+        def index(request):
+            return {'user': request.g.current_user.id}
+
+        @app.post('/login')
+        async def login_route(request):
+            return await login.login_user(request, User(1, 'user1'),
+                                          remember=True)
+
+        @app.post('/logout')
+        async def logout(request):
+            await login.logout_user(request)
+            return 'ok'
+
+        @app.get('/fresh')
+        @login.fresh
+        async def fresh(request):
+            return f'fresh {request.g.current_user.id}'
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+        res = self._run(client.post('/login?next=/%3Ffoo=bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
+        self.assertEqual(res.headers['Location'], '/?foo=bar')
+        self.assertEqual(len(res.headers['Set-Cookie']), 2)
+        self.assertIn('session', client.cookies)
+        self.assertIn('_remember', client.cookies)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, '{"user": 1}')
+        res = self._run(client.get('/fresh'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'fresh 1')
+
+        del client.cookies['session']
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        res = self._run(client.get('/fresh'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)
+        self.assertEqual(res.headers['Location'], '/login?next=/fresh')
+
+        res = self._run(client.post('/logout'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertFalse('_remember' in client.cookies)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 302)

tests/test_microdot.py

@@ -180,6 +180,30 @@ class TestMicrodot(unittest.TestCase):
                              'text/plain; charset=UTF-8')
             self.assertEqual(res.text, method)
 
+    def test_http_host(self):
+        app = Microdot()
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index(req):
+            return req.scheme + "://" + req.headers['Host']
+
+        client = TestClient(app, host='foo.com')
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'http://foo.com')
+
+    def test_https_host(self):
+        app = Microdot()
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def index(req):
+            return req.scheme + "://" + req.headers['Host']
+
+        client = TestClient(app, scheme='https', host='foo.com')
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'https://foo.com')
+
     def test_headers(self):
         app = Microdot()
 
@@ -204,9 +228,10 @@ class TestMicrodot(unittest.TestCase):
             res.set_cookie('four', '4')
             res.delete_cookie('two', path='/')
             res.delete_cookie('one', path='/bad')
+            res.delete_cookie('five', max_age=123, expires='foo')
             return res
 
-        client = TestClient(app, cookies={'one': '1', 'two': '2'})
+        client = TestClient(app, cookies={'one': '1', 'two': '2', 'five': '5'})
         res = self._run(client.get('/', headers={'Cookie': 'three=3'}))
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(res.headers['Content-Type'],
@@ -771,7 +796,7 @@ class TestMicrodot(unittest.TestCase):
 
         client = TestClient(app)
         res = self._run(client.get('/'))
-        self.assertEqual(res, None)
+        self.assertEqual(res.body, None)
 
     def test_mount(self):
         subapp = Microdot()
@@ -794,7 +819,7 @@ class TestMicrodot(unittest.TestCase):
 
         @subapp.route('/app')
         def index(req):
-            return req.g.before + ':foo'
+            return req.g.before + ':' + req.url_prefix
 
         app = Microdot()
         app.mount(subapp, url_prefix='/sub')
@@ -811,4 +836,203 @@ class TestMicrodot(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(res.headers['Content-Type'],
                          'text/plain; charset=UTF-8')
-        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'before:foo:after')
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'before:/sub:after')
+
+    def test_mount_local(self):
+        subapp1 = Microdot()
+        subapp2 = Microdot()
+
+        @subapp1.before_request
+        def before1(req):
+            req.g.before += ':before1'
+
+        @subapp1.after_error_request
+        def after_error1(req, res):
+            res.body += b':errorafter'
+
+        @subapp1.errorhandler(ValueError)
+        def value_error(req, exc):
+            return str(exc), 400
+
+        @subapp1.route('/')
+        def index1(req):
+            raise ZeroDivisionError()
+
+        @subapp1.route('/foo')
+        def foo(req):
+            return req.g.before + ':foo:' + req.url_prefix
+
+        @subapp1.route('/err')
+        def err(req):
+            raise ValueError('err')
+
+        @subapp1.route('/err2')
+        def err2(req):
+            class MyErr(ValueError):
+                pass
+
+            raise MyErr('err')
+
+        @subapp2.before_request
+        def before2(req):
+            req.g.before += ':before2'
+
+        @subapp2.after_request
+        def after2(req, res):
+            res.body += b':after'
+
+        @subapp2.errorhandler(405)
+        def method_not_found2(req):
+            return '405', 405
+
+        @subapp2.route('/bar')
+        def bar(req):
+            return req.g.before + ':bar:' + req.url_prefix
+
+        @subapp2.route('/baz')
+        def baz(req):
+            abort(405)
+
+        app = Microdot()
+
+        @app.before_request
+        def before(req):
+            req.g.before = 'before-app'
+
+        @app.after_request
+        def after(req, res):
+            res.body += b':after-app'
+
+        app.mount(subapp1, local=True)
+        app.mount(subapp2, url_prefix='/sub', local=True)
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 500)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'Internal server error:errorafter')
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/foo'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.headers['Content-Type'],
+                         'text/plain; charset=UTF-8')
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'before-app:before1:foo::after-app')
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/err'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 400)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'err:errorafter')
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/err2'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 400)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'err:errorafter')
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/sub/bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.headers['Content-Type'],
+                         'text/plain; charset=UTF-8')
+        self.assertEqual(res.text,
+                         'before-app:before2:bar:/sub:after:after-app')
+
+        res = self._run(client.post('/sub/bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 405)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, '405')
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/sub/baz'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 405)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, '405')
+
+    def test_many_mounts(self):
+        subsubapp = Microdot()
+
+        @subsubapp.before_request
+        def subsubapp_before(req):
+            req.g.before = 'subsubapp'
+
+        @subsubapp.route('/')
+        def subsubapp_index(req):
+            return f'{req.g.before}:{req.subapp == subsubapp}:{req.url_prefix}'
+
+        subapp = Microdot()
+
+        @subapp.before_request
+        def subapp_before(req):
+            req.g.before = 'subapp'
+
+        @subapp.route('/')
+        def subapp_index(req):
+            return f'{req.g.before}:{req.subapp == subapp}:{req.url_prefix}'
+
+        app = Microdot()
+
+        @app.before_request
+        def app_before(req):
+            req.g.before = 'app'
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def app_index(req):
+            return f'{req.g.before}:{req.subapp is None}:{req.url_prefix}'
+
+        subapp.mount(subsubapp, url_prefix='/subsub')
+        app.mount(subapp, url_prefix='/sub')
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/sub/subsub/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'subsubapp:True:/sub/subsub')
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/sub/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'subsubapp:True:/sub')
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'subsubapp:True:')
+
+    def test_many_local_mounts(self):
+        subsubapp = Microdot()
+
+        @subsubapp.before_request
+        def subsubapp_before(req):
+            req.g.before = 'subsubapp'
+
+        @subsubapp.route('/')
+        def subsubapp_index(req):
+            return f'{req.g.before}:{req.subapp == subsubapp}:{req.url_prefix}'
+
+        subapp = Microdot()
+
+        @subapp.before_request
+        def subapp_before(req):
+            req.g.before = 'subapp'
+
+        @subapp.route('/')
+        def subapp_index(req):
+            return f'{req.g.before}:{req.subapp == subapp}:{req.url_prefix}'
+
+        app = Microdot()
+
+        @app.before_request
+        def app_before(req):
+            req.g.before = 'app'
+
+        @app.route('/')
+        def app_index(req):
+            return f'{req.g.before}:{req.subapp is None}:{req.url_prefix}'
+
+        subapp.mount(subsubapp, url_prefix='/subsub', local=True)
+        app.mount(subapp, url_prefix='/sub', local=True)
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/sub/subsub/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'subsubapp:True:/sub/subsub')
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/sub/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'subapp:True:/sub')
+
+        res = self._run(client.get('/'))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'app:True:')

tests/test_multipart.py

@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+import asyncio
+import os
+import unittest
+from microdot import Microdot
+from microdot.multipart import with_form_data, FileUpload, FormDataIter
+from microdot.test_client import TestClient
+
+
+class TestMultipart(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        if hasattr(asyncio, 'set_event_loop'):
+            asyncio.set_event_loop(asyncio.new_event_loop())
+        cls.loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+
+    def _run(self, coro):
+        return self.loop.run_until_complete(coro)
+
+    def test_simple_form(self):
+        app = Microdot()
+
+        @app.post('/sync')
+        @with_form_data
+        def sync_route(req):
+            return dict(req.form)
+
+        @app.post('/async')
+        @with_form_data
+        async def async_route(req):
+            return dict(req.form)
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/sync', headers={
+                'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=boundary',
+            },
+            body=(
+                b'--boundary\r\n'
+                b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="foo"\r\n\r\nbar\r\n'
+                b'--boundary\r\n'
+                b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="baz"\r\n\r\nbaz\r\n'
+                b'--boundary--\r\n')
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.json, {'foo': 'bar', 'baz': 'baz'})
+
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/async', headers={
+                'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=boundary',
+            },
+            body=(
+                b'--boundary\r\n'
+                b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="foo"\r\n\r\nbar\r\n'
+                b'--boundary\r\n'
+                b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="baz"\r\n\r\nbaz\r\n'
+                b'--boundary--\r\n')
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.json, {'foo': 'bar', 'baz': 'baz'})
+
+    def test_form_with_files(self):
+        saved_max_memory_size = FileUpload.max_memory_size
+        FileUpload.max_memory_size = 5
+
+        app = Microdot()
+
+        @app.post('/async')
+        @with_form_data
+        async def async_route(req):
+            d = dict(req.form)
+            for name, file in req.files.items():
+                d[name] = '{}|{}|{}'.format(file.filename, file.content_type,
+                                            (await file.read()).decode())
+            return d
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/async', headers={
+                'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=boundary',
+            },
+            body=(
+                b'--boundary\r\n'
+                b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="foo"\r\n\r\nbar\r\n'
+                b'--boundary\r\n'
+                b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="f"; filename="f"\r\n'
+                b'Content-Type: text/plain\r\n\r\nbaz\r\n'
+                b'--boundary\r\n'
+                b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="g"; filename="g"\r\n'
+                b'Content-Type: text/html\r\n\r\n<p>hello</p>\r\n'
+                b'--boundary\r\n'
+                b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="x"\r\n\r\ny\r\n'
+                b'--boundary--\r\n')
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.json, {'foo': 'bar', 'x': 'y',
+                                    'f': 'f|text/plain|baz',
+                                    'g': 'g|text/html|<p>hello</p>'})
+        FileUpload.max_memory_size = saved_max_memory_size
+
+    def test_large_file_upload(self):
+        saved_buffer_size = FormDataIter.buffer_size
+        FormDataIter.buffer_size = 100
+        saved_max_memory_size = FileUpload.max_memory_size
+        FileUpload.max_memory_size = 200
+
+        app = Microdot()
+
+        @app.post('/')
+        @with_form_data
+        async def index(req):
+            return {"len": len(await req.files['f'].read())}
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/', headers={
+                'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=boundary',
+            },
+            body=(
+                b'--boundary\r\n'
+                b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="f"; filename="f"\r\n'
+                b'Content-Type: text/plain\r\n\r\n' + b'*' * 398 + b'\r\n'
+                b'--boundary--\r\n')
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.json, {'len': 398})
+
+        FormDataIter.buffer_size = saved_buffer_size
+        FileUpload.max_memory_size = saved_max_memory_size
+
+    def test_file_save(self):
+        app = Microdot()
+
+        @app.post('/async')
+        @with_form_data
+        async def async_route(req):
+            for _, file in req.files.items():
+                await file.save('_x.txt')
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/async', headers={
+                'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=boundary',
+            },
+            body=(
+                b'--boundary\r\n'
+                b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="foo"\r\n\r\nbar\r\n'
+                b'--boundary\r\n'
+                b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="f"; filename="f"\r\n'
+                b'Content-Type: text/plain\r\n\r\nbaz\r\n'
+                b'--boundary--\r\n')
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 204)
+        with open('_x.txt', 'rb') as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'baz')
+        os.unlink('_x.txt')
+
+    def test_no_form(self):
+        app = Microdot()
+
+        @app.post('/async')
+        @with_form_data
+        async def async_route(req):
+            return str(req.form)
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+
+        res = self._run(client.post('/async', body={'foo': 'bar'}))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.text, 'None')
+
+    def test_upload_iterator(self):
+        app = Microdot()
+
+        @app.post('/async')
+        async def async_route(req):
+            d = {}
+            async for name, value in FormDataIter(req):
+                if isinstance(value, FileUpload):
+                    d[name] = '{}|{}|{}'.format(value.filename,
+                                                value.content_type,
+                                                (await value.read(4)).decode())
+                else:
+                    d[name] = value
+            return d
+
+        client = TestClient(app)
+
+        res = self._run(client.post(
+            '/async', headers={
+                'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data; boundary=boundary',
+            },
+            body=(
+                b'--boundary\r\n'
+                b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="foo"\r\n\r\nbar\r\n'
+                b'--boundary\r\n'
+                b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="f"; filename="f"\r\n'
+                b'Content-Type: text/plain\r\n\r\nbaz\r\n'
+                b'--boundary\r\n'
+                b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="g"; filename="g.h"\r\n'
+                b'Content-Type: text/html\r\n\r\n<p>hello</p>\r\n'
+                b'--boundary\r\n'
+                b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="x"\r\n\r\ny\r\n'
+                b'--boundary\r\n'
+                b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="h"; filename="hh"\r\n'
+                b'Content-Type: text/plain\r\n\r\nyy' + (b'z' * 500) + b'\r\n'
+                b'--boundary\r\n'
+                b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="i"; filename="i.1"\r\n'
+                b'Content-Type: text/plain\r\n\r\n1234\r\n'
+                b'--boundary--\r\n')
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(res.json, {
+            'foo': 'bar',
+            'f': 'f|text/plain|baz',
+            'g': 'g.h|text/html|<p>h',
+            'x': 'y',
+            'h': 'hh|text/plain|yyzz',
+            'i': 'i.1|text/plain|1234',
+        })

tests/test_request.py

@@ -35,16 +35,17 @@ class TestRequest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_headers(self):
         fd = get_async_request_fd('GET', '/foo', headers={
             'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-            'Cookie': 'foo=bar;abc=def',
+            'Cookie': 'foo=bar;nothing;abc=def;',
             'Content-Length': '3'}, body='aaa')
         req = self._run(Request.create('app', fd, 'writer', 'addr'))
         self.assertEqual(req.headers, {
             'Host': 'example.com:1234',
             'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-            'Cookie': 'foo=bar;abc=def',
+            'Cookie': 'foo=bar;nothing;abc=def;',
             'Content-Length': '3'})
         self.assertEqual(req.content_type, 'application/json')
-        self.assertEqual(req.cookies, {'foo': 'bar', 'abc': 'def'})
+        self.assertEqual(req.cookies, {'foo': 'bar', 'nothing': '',
+                                       'abc': 'def', '': ''})
         self.assertEqual(req.content_length, 3)
         self.assertEqual(req.body, b'aaa')