Implement proper exception type hierarchy.

Each built-in exception is now a type, with base type BaseException.
C exceptions are created by passing a pointer to the exception type to
make an instance of.  When raising an exception from the VM, an
instance is created automatically if an exception type is raised (as
opposed to an exception instance).

Exception matching (RT_BINARY_OP_EXCEPTION_MATCH) is now proper.

Handling of parse error changed to match new exceptions.

mp_const_type renamed to mp_type_type for consistency.

py/objenumerate.c

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ STATIC mp_obj_t enumerate_make_new(mp_obj_t type_in, uint n_args, uint n_kw, con
 }
 
 const mp_obj_type_t enumerate_type = {
-    { &mp_const_type },
+    { &mp_type_type },
     .name = MP_QSTR_enumerate,
     .make_new = enumerate_make_new,
     .iternext = enumerate_iternext,